Table 7.
Bioactive peptides in human foremilk and hindmilk samples.
| Query peptide | Protein | Bioactive peptide | Function | Alignment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 100.0 |
| NQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 96.4 |
| ELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 96.3 |
| NQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPIS | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 96.3 |
| QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPIS | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 96.3 |
| LNQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 93.1 |
| LNQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPIS | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 92.9 |
| ELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPIS | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 92.6 |
| NQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPI | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 92.6 |
| LLNQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 90.0 |
| LLNQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPIS | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 89.7 |
| LLNQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPI | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 89.3 |
| LLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPIS | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 88.9 |
| LLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 88.9 |
| NQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNP | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 88.9 |
| LLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPIS | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 85.2 |
| LNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 85.2 |
| ALLLNQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 84.4 |
| LLNQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVH | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 81.5 |
| LNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPIS | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 81.5 |
| NPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 81.5 |
| NQELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVH | β-Casein | QELLLNPTHQIYPVTQPLAPVHNPISV | Antimicrobial | 81.5 |
| SPTIPFFDPQIPK | β-Casein | SPTIPFFDPQIPK | Stimulates cell proliferation | 100.0 |
| KSPTIPFFDPQIPK | β-Casein | SPTIPFFDPQIPK | Stimulates cell proliferation | 92.9 |
| SPTIPFFDPQIPKL | β-Casein | SPTIPFFDPQIPK | Stimulates cell proliferation | 92.9 |
| SPTIPFFDPQIP | β-Casein | SPTIPFFDPQIPK | Stimulates cell proliferation | 92.3 |
| LKSPTIPFFDPQIPK | β-Casein | SPTIPFFDPQIPK | Stimulates cell proliferation | 86.7 |
| SPTIPFFDPQIPKLTD | β-Casein | SPTIPFFDPQIPK | Stimulates cell proliferation | 81.3 |
| DTVYTKGRVMP | β-Casein | TVYTKGRVMP | ACE-inhibitory | 90.9 |
| KDTVYTKGRVMP | β-Casein | TVYTKGRVMP | ACE-inhibitory | 83.3 |
| TVYTKGRVMPVL | β-Casein | TVYTKGRVMP | ACE-inhibitory | 83.3 |
| PFFDPQIPK | β-Casein | PFFDPQIP | ACE-inhibitory | 88.9 |
| FFDPQIPK | β-Casein | PFFDPQIP | ACE-inhibitory | 87.5 |
| LRQAQEKFGKDKSPKFQL | Lactoferrin | WNLLRQAQEKFGKDKSPK | Antimicrobial | 83.3 |
| IYPSFQPQPLI | β-Casein | YPSFQPQPLIYP | ACE-inhibitory | 83.3 |
Peptide abundance is shown as least square mean ± SE, n = 4. Asterisks (*) indicate significant difference between foremilk and hindmilk (P < 0.05). Indented peptide sequences are related to a peptide present with 100% homology to a known bioactive peptide.