Figure 4.

(A) Representative electron microscope images and associated microvesivcle measurements illustrating the correct and predominant size corresponding to exosomes (30–100 nm). (B) Effects of plasma exosomes from IN and CL mice on naïve mouse adipocytes. Exosomes were added into differentiated adipocytes 3T3-L1 cell culture for 24 h and followed by treatment with 5 or 0 μm of insulin and then examined for phosphorylated AKT and total AKT. A significant reduction of pAKT/AKT after exogenous insulin in 3T3-L1 treated with IN exosomes emerged compared to CL (P < 0.001; N = 15/group, ^*Indicates statistical significance).