Table 1.
Descriptive statistics of defense mechanisms and maladaptive personality domains.
| Full sample (N = 328) M (SD) | Range (N = 113) | Skewness (N = 215) | Kurtosis | Males M (SD) | Females M (SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DSQ mature style | 4.82 (1.21) | 1.13–8.50 | −0.007 | 0.223 | 4.95 (1.27) | 4.75 (1.17) |
| DSQ neurotic style | 4.36 (1.20) | 1.25–7.50 | 0.009 | −0.267 | 4.30 (1.26) | 4.39 (1.17) |
| DSQ immature style | 3.72 (1.06) | 1.04–6.75 | 0.289 | −0.167 | 3.71 (1.14) | 3.73 (1.02) |
| Autistic fantasy | 3.43 (2.27) | 1–9 | 0.685 | −0.594 | 3.44 (2.13) | 3.43 (2.35) |
| Acting out | 4.47 (2.03) | 1–9 | 0.221 | −0.673 | 4.26 (1.91) | 4.57 (2.09) |
| Anticipation | 4.90 (1.63) | 1–9 | 0.006 | −0.020 | 4.95 (1.68) | 4.87 (1.60) |
| Denial | 2.66 (1.59) | 1–9 | 0.924 | 0.569 | 2.72 (1.44) | 2.62 (1.66) |
| Devaluation | 3.79 (1.72) | 1–9 | 0.502 | 0.056 | 3.68 (1.71) | 3.85 (1.74) |
| Displacement | 3.35 (1.84) | 1–9 | 0.497 | −0.367 | 3.28 (2.00) | 3.38 (1.75) |
| Dissociation | 3.25 (1.74) | 1–9 | 0.762 | 0.296 | 3.45 (1.89) | 3.14 (1.65) |
| Humor | 5.59 (1.96) | 1–9 | −0.359 | −0.496 | 5.82 (1.91) | 5.46 (1.97) |
| Idealization | 4.15 (2.00) | 1–9 | 0.211 | −0.605 | 3.93 (1.94) | 4.26 (2.00) |
| Isolation | 3.93 (2.17) | 1–9 | 0.268 | −0.946 | 4.07 (2.07) | 3.86 (2.23) |
| Passive aggression | 3.85 (1.97) | 1–9 | 0.328 | −0.654 | 3.98 (2.04) | 3.78 (1.92) |
| Projection | 2.74 (1.62) | 1–9 | 0.096 | 0.779 | 2.86 (1.78) | 2.68 (1.54) |
| Pseudo-altruism | 4.27 (1.85) | 1–9 | 0.214 | −0.491 | 4.25 (1.85) | 4.28 (1.85) |
| Rationalization | 5.15 (1.68) | 1–9 | 0.036 | −0.442 | 5.20 (1.69) | 5.13 (1.67) |
| Reaction formation | 4.69 (1.76) | 1–9 | 0.274 | −0.063 | 4.70 (1.75) | 4.69 (1.76) |
| Somatization | 3.79 (2.11) | 1–9 | 0.448 | −0.558 | 3.31 (1.87) | 4.05 (2.19) |
| Splitting | 4.25 (2.26) | 1–9 | 0.303 | −0.917 | 4.30 (2.32) | 4.22 (2.23) |
| Sublimation | 4.45 (2.08) | 1–9 | 0.160 | −0.699 | 4.34 (1.97) | 4.50 (2.13) |
| Suppression | 4.34 (1.87) | 1–9 | 0.150 | −0.528 | 4.72 (1.93) | 4.14 (1.81) |
| Undoing | 4.33 (1.77) | 1–9 | 0.048 | −0.476 | 4.35 (1.99) | 4.32 (1.64) |
| PID-5-BF total score | 22.00 (10.52) | 0–58 | 0.318 | −0.107 | 22.33 (10.69) | 21.83 (10.46) |
| PID-5 -BF negative affectivity | 6.91 (3.31) | 0–15 | 0.005 | −0.638 | 5.96 (3.39) | 7.41 (3.16) |
| PID-5-BF detachment | 3.97 (2.84) | 0–13 | 0.631 | −0.135 | 4.19 (2.81) | 3.86 (2.85) |
| PID-5-BF antagonism | 2.88 (2.76) | 0–14 | 1.07 | 1.13 | 3.56 (3.21) | 2.52 (2.42) |
| PID-5-BF disinhibition | 4.41 (2.90) | 0–15 | 0.545 | −0.068 | 4.67 (2.76) | 4.28 (2.95) |
| PID-5-BF psychoticism | 3.83 (2.97) | 0–13 | 0.594 | −0.279 | 3.95 (2.62) | 3.77 (3.14) |
DSQ-40, Defense Style Questionnaire-40; PID-5-BF, Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form Adult.