Table 3. Voxel-based Morphometry Studies of Dystonia.
| Type of Dystonia | Study | Cases/Controls | Regions Affected | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BG | CRB | CTX | Other | |||
| BSP | Etgen et al.148 | 16/16 | Put (↑) | IPL (↓) | ||
| BSP | Obermann et al.149 | 11/14 | Caud (↑) | Hem (↑) | Thal (↓) | |
| Put (↓) | ||||||
| BSP | Martino et al.150 | 25/24 | PreF (↑) | |||
| SMC (↓) | ||||||
| STL (↓) | ||||||
| BSP | Suzuki et al.151 | 32/48 | SMC (↑) | |||
| Cing (↑) | ||||||
| CCD | Piccinin et al.152 | 35/35 | Verm (↑) | |||
| Hem (↓) | ||||||
| CCD | Piccinin et al.153 | 27/54 | Verm (↓) | IPD (↓) | HPC (↓) | |
| Hem (↓) | OCC (↓) | |||||
| PMC (↓) | ||||||
| SMA (↓) | ||||||
| SMC (↓) | ||||||
| CD | Draganski et al.154 | 10/10 | GP (↑) | Floc (↑) | PM (↑) | |
| SMA (↓) | ||||||
| DLPFC (↓) | ||||||
| OCC (↓) | ||||||
| CD | Egger et al.155 | 11/31 | ||||
| CD | Obermann et al.149 | 9/14 | Caud (↑) | Hem (↑) | STL (↑) | Thal (↑) |
| Put (↓) | ||||||
| CD | Draganski et al.156 | 29/28 | Put (↑) | |||
| GP (↑) | ||||||
| CD | Pantano et al.157 | 19/28 | Caud (↓) | PM (↓) | ||
| Put (↓) | SMC (↓) | |||||
| CD | Prell et al.158 | 24/24 | GP/Put (↑) | PM (↓) | ||
| SMA (↓) | ||||||
| SMC (↓) | ||||||
| PreF (↑) | ||||||
| OCC (↑) | ||||||
| CD | Bono et al.159 | 19/25 | PM (↓) | |||
| PMC (↓) | ||||||
| CD | Waugh et al.160 | 17/17 | ||||
| CD | Filip et al.161 | 25/25 | Verm (↑) | PMC (↑) | ||
| Hem (↑) | ||||||
| DYT1 | Draganski et al.156 | 11/11 | Put (↓) | |||
| FHD | Garraux et al.162 | 36/36 | SMC (↑) | |||
| FHD | Egger et al.155 | 11/31 | GP (↑) | |||
| FHD | Delmaire et al.163 | 30/30 | Hem (↓) | SMC (↓) | Thal (↓) | |
| FHD | Granert et al.89 | 14/14 | PM (↑) | |||
| FHD | Granert et al.164 | 11/12 | Put (↑) | |||
| FHD | Zeuner et al.165 | 22/28 | GP (↑) | |||
| Put (↑) | ||||||
| GEN | Egger et al.155 | 9/31 | GP (↑) | |||
| LD | Simonyan et al.166 | 40/40 | Put (↑) | Hem (↑) | SMC (↑) | |
| PreF (↑) | ||||||
| LD | Waugh et al.160 | 7/7 | ||||
Arrows show increased (↑) or decreased (↓) volumes. Studies involving multiple types of dystonia are separated according to type of dystonia rather than as a mixed group.
Abbreviations: Caud, Caudate; CCD, Craniocervical Dystonia (a mixed population of cranial dystonia, cervical dystonia and both combined); Cing, Cingulate Gyrus; DLPFC, Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex; Floc, Cerebellar Flocculus; GEN, Generalized Dystonia; GP, Globus Pallidus; Hem, Cerebellar Hemisphere; HPC, Hippocampus; IPL, Inferior Parietal Lobule; Pref, Prefrontal Cortex; NA, Nucleus Accumbens; OFC, Orbitofrontal Cortex; OCC, Occipital Cortex; PM, Primary Motor Cortex; Put, Putamen; SMC, Sensorimotor Cortex; STL, Superior Temporal Lobe; SMA, Supplementary Motor Area.