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. 2017 Nov 6;7:14544. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14983-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ROS induction is necessary to improve the osteogenic function of hOBs by ELF-PEMF. HOBs (N = 12, n = 4) were osteogenically differentiated with or without daily exposure to ELF-PEMF. To simulate oxidative stress cells were stimulated with 0.001% H₂O₂ (shaded bars). To trap the ROS ELF-PEMF exposed hOBs were co-incubated with either 25 µM α-tocopherol (•O₂ ⁻ _i) or 10 mM sodium-pyruvate (H₂O_2i). (a–c) On days 0, 2, 4 and 7 total protein content (SRB staining), mitochondrial activity (Resazurin conversion) and AP activity were measured. Results are given as AUC (area under the curve) from day 0 to day 7. (d) After 14 days the formed mineralized matrix was quantified by Alizarin Red staining. Data are given as fold of unstimulated cells. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001 as indicated (Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test, α = 0.05).