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. 2017 Nov 6;7:14528. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13848-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Simulation of the flow velocity and O₂ concentration at different depths of the cell culture chamber. The shear stress is uniform in the cell culture chamber due to the large cross-sectional area of the bioreactor. This may help to lower the shear stress on the cells under the porous membrane. The O₂ concentration decreases along the flow direction due to the O₂ consumption by the cells.