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. 2017 Nov 6;7:14518. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15021-4

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a–c) In vitro testing of biomass exposed to bilirubin-spiked normal human fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or patient liver failure plasma over an 8 h period. (a) Biomass conjugation of bilirubin in rifampicin-induced liver failure plasma. The initial drop in both unconjugated and conjugated seen between −1 and 0 and 1 hours reflects a dilution effect of plasma with fluid within the hydrogel. From 1 h onwards, conjugated bilirubin increases and unconjugated bilirubin falls. (b) AFP production and glucose consumption measurements in liver failure plasma; note the linearity over the perfusion time course, an indication of continued metabolic viability and functionality. (c) Lactate Dehydrogenase (LD) measurements in two experiments with bilirubin-spiked fresh frozen (FFP) plasma and in liver failure plasma. Dashed lines show the normal range of LDH between 240–480 units/L.