Appendix Table 3.
Bivariate associations between socio-demographics correlates and DSM-IV specific phobia (low-lower middle income countries).
| Correlates | 30-day Specific Phobiaa | Lifetime Specific Phobiab | 12-month Specific Phobia among lifetime casesc | 30-day Specific Phobia among 12-month casesc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
| Age-cohort | ||||||||
| 18–29 | 1.5* | (1.0–2.1) | 1.6* | (1.3–2.0) | – | – | – | – |
| 30–44 | 1.2 | (0.1.7) | 1.2 | (1.0–1.5) | – | – | – | – |
| 45–59 | 1.2 | (0.8–1.7) | 1.2 | (0.9–1.5) | – | – | – | – |
| 60+ | 1.0 | 1.0 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Age-cohort differenced | χ23 = 8.7*. P=0.03 | χ23 =31.7*. P<.001 | ||||||
| Age of onset | ||||||||
| Early | – | – | – | – | 1.1 | (0.7–1.7) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.4) |
| Early-average | – | – | – | – | 1.0 | (0.6–1.5) | 0.8 | (0.4–1.3) |
| Late-average | – | – | – | – | 1.0 | (0.7–1.5) | 0.6* | (0.4–1.0) |
| Late | – | – | – | – | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Age of onset differenced | χ23 = 0.3. P=0.96 | χ23 = 4.9. P=0.183 | ||||||
| Time since onset (Continuous) | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99–1.01) |
| χ21 = 0.0. P=0.84 | χ21 = 0.1. P=0.79 | |||||||
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 2.0* | (1.6–2.5) | 1.5* | (1.3–1.8) | 1.5* | (1.1–2.1) | 1.2 | (0.9–1.7) |
| Male | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Gender differenced | χ21 =35.8*. P<.001 | χ21 =7.2*. P<.001 | χ21 =7.5*. P=0.006 | χ21 = 1.7. P=0.190 | ||||
| Employment status | ||||||||
| Student | 1.1 | (0.8–1.7) | 1.1 | (0.9–1.4) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.4) | 1.3 | (0.7–2.2) |
| Homemaker | 1.6* | (1.3–2.1) | 1.4* | (1.2–1.7) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.0) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.0) |
| Retired | 1.4 | (0.8–2.4) | 1.6* | (1.1–2.2) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.4) | 0.6 | (0.2–1.4) |
| Other | 1.5* | (1.2–2.0) | 1.3* | (1.1–1.6) | 1.8* | (1.1–3.1) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.7) |
| Employed | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Employment status differenced | χ24 = 20.4*. P<.001 | χ24 =18.6*. P<.001 | χ24 = 6.1. P=0.19 | χ24 = 3.3. P=0.52 | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Never married | 1.2 | (1.0–1.6) | 1.2 | (1.0–1.4) | 1.0 | (0.7–1.4) | 1.1 | (0.8–1.5) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.1 | (0.7–1.5) | 1.1 | (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 | (0.6–2.0) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.5) |
| Currently married | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 10 | ||||
| Marital status differenced | χ22 = 3.1. P=0.22 | χ22 = 4.1. P=0.13 | χ22 = 0.2. P=0.93 | χ22 = 0.4. P=0.81 | ||||
| Education level | ||||||||
| No education | 1.6 | (1.0–2.6) | 1.6* | (1.1–2.3) | 1.3 | (0.6–2.4) | 1.1 | (0.5–2.3) |
| Some primary | 1.7* | (1.0–2.8) | 1.9* | (1.4–2.7) | 0.7 | (0.3–1.4) | 1.0 | (0.4–2.1) |
| Finished primary | 1.8* | (1.2–2.9) | 1.9* | (1.4–2.6) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.7) | 0.9 | (0.4–1.9) |
| Some secondary | 1.3 | (0.9–2.0) | 1.7* | (1.2–2.2) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.6) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.2) |
| Finished secondary | 1.4 | (0.9–2.1) | 1.7* | (1.3–2.2) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.2) | 0.9 | (0.5–1.6) |
| Some college | 1.2 | (0.8–2.0) | 1.8* | (1.4–2.4) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.2) | 0.6 | (0.3–1.1) |
| Finished college | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Education level differenced | χ23 = 9.1. P=0.17 | χ23 =20.3*. P= .003 | χ23 = 5.6. P=0.47 | χ23 = 7.1. P=0.31 | ||||
| Household income | ||||||||
| Low | 1.4* | (1.1–1.9) | 1.2 | (1.0–1.5) | 1.1 | (0.8–1.7) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.1) |
| Low-average | 1.2 | (0.9–1.6) | 1.1 | (0.9–1.3) | 1.4 | (0.9–2.2) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.8) |
| High-average | 0.9 | (0.6–1.2) | 1.0 | (0.8–1.2) | 0.8 | (0.5–1.2) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.5) |
| High | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||||
| Household income differenced | χ23 =15.8*. P =.001 | χ23 = 6.7. P=0.08 | χ23 = 5.6. P=0.14 | χ23 = 4.3. P=0.23 | ||||
| Ne | 31773 | 1158886 | 1748 | 1254 | ||||
Significant at the .05 level. 2 sided test.
These estimates are based on logistic regression models adjusted for age. gender and low-lower middle income countries.
These estimates are based on survival models adjusted for age-cohorts. gender. person-years and low-lower middle income countries.
These estimates are based on logistic regression models adjusted for time since specific phobia onset. age of specific phobia onset. gender and low-lower middle income countries.
Chi square test of significant differences between blocks of sociodemographic variables.
Denominator N: 31.773 = total sample; 1.158.886 = number of person-years in the survival models; 1.748 = number of lifetime cases of specific phobia; 1.254 = number of 12-month cases of specific phobia.