Aberrant oncogenic RTK pathways including the PI3K-AKT (green) and RAS (pink) oncogenic pathways are targeted with a variety of small molecule inhibitors (grey boxes) and monoclonal antibodies. Oncometabolites produced by IDH1/2-mutated glioma cells can be intracellularly targeted by small molecule inhibitors and a IDH1 mutant specific vaccine, which is currently being tested HGG patients. Epigenetic modifiers targeting on HDAC and histone 3.3/3.1 are shown as well. Notably, various immunotherapeutic strategies that are currently undergoing evaluations in clinical trials are pictured including tumor vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T cell therapies, and oncolytic viruses (yellow box). Abbreviations: mut: mutant.