Table 4.

Trends in Physician Supply per 100,000 people in States with Strong Malpractice Caps on Non-Economic Damages (≤$250,000) Before and After Implementation, by Physician Risk Type and Age

Number of Years Before or After Damage Cap	High-Risk, <35 Years of Age	High-Risk, 35–54 Years of Age	High-Risk, ≥55 Years of Age	Low-Risk, <35 Years of Age	Low-Risk, 35–54 Years of Age	Low-Risk, ≥55 Years of Age
3 Years Before	−0.11 [0.83]	0.22 [0.77]	1.17 [0.74]	−0.02 [0.51]	1.11 [0.47]	0.46 [0.41]
2 Years Before	−0.03 [0.28]	0.61 [0.82]	0.28 [0.51]	0.37 [0.42]	−0.38 [0.39]	0.4 [0.20]
1 Year Before	−0.9 [0.64]	0.1 [0.63]	0.08 [0.55]	0.01 [0.49]	−0.37 [0.52]	0.09 [0.15]
Year of Non-Economic Damage Cap	1.05 [2.69]	7.10* [2.95]	−1.1 [1.47]	2.23 [1.08]	−1.9 [2.07]	3.1 [1.33]
1 Year After	0.03 [0.81]	2.07* [0.83]	0.46 [0.86]	0.71 [0.82]	−0.92 [0.61]	1.24* [0.38]
2 Years After	0.52 [1.00]	0.73 [0.52]	0.22 [0.45]	0.15 [0.78]	−0.52 [0.62]	0.82** [0.19]
3 Years After	0.31 [0.68]	1.46 [0.63]	−0.81 [0.70]	0.65 [0.47]	−0.26 [0.32]	0.25 [0.43]
4 Years After and Beyond	1.48 [0.72]	2.18* [0.78]	−0.09 [0.35]	0.08 [1.09]	−0.59 [0.45]	1.02* [0.39]
p-value for Pre-Trend	0.364	0.678	0.15	0.718	0.001	0.263
Linear Combination of Post-Cap Coefficients	3.394 [5.229]	13.549** [3.535]	−1.315 [2.777]	3.826 [3.496]	−4.187 [3.12]	6.434* [2.185]
Sample	88	88	88	88	88	88
Mean	16.565	56.387	37.777	11.849	40.513	25.621
State Characteristics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year Fixed Effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
State Fixed Effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Notes: State characteristics include annual income, 36 age-gender cohorts, and all of the additional malpractice reform variables included in Table 1.

^***Significant at the 0.1 percent level.

^**Significant at the 1 percent level.

^*Significant at the 5 percent level.