Table 5.

Trends in Physician Supply per 100,000 people in States with Malpractice Caps on Non-Economic Damages Before and After Implementation, by Physician High-Risk Physician Specialty Type, <35 Years of Age

Number of Years Before or After Damage Cap	Anesthesiology	Emergency Medicine	Orthopedic Surgery	General Surgery	OBGYN	General Internal Medicine
3 Years Before	0.06 [0.07]	−0.07 [0.07]	0.05 [0.08]	−0.16 [0.11]	−0.08 [0.07]	0.25 [0.37]
2 Years Before	0.03 [0.04]	−0.04 [0.04]	−0.05 [0.05]	0.04 [0.10]	0.06 [0.04]	−0.21 [0.15]
1 Year Before	−0.05 [0.06]	−0.02 [0.05]	−0.05 [0.04]	0.08 [0.06]	0 [0.04]	−0.05 [0.10]
Year of Non-Economic Damage Cap	−0.30* [0.11]	−0.01 [0.08]	0.03 [0.06]	−0.12 [0.11]	−0.12 [0.07]	0.12 [0.17]
1 Year After	0.02 [0.06]	0.24*** [0.05]	−0.03 [0.06]	0.23* [0.09]	0.11 [0.07]	0.36*** [0.08]
2 Years After	0.05 [0.04]	0.02 [0.06]	−0.01 [0.05]	0.03 [0.05]	0.02 [0.05]	0.2 [0.17]
3 Years After	0.01 [0.04]	0.08 [0.05]	0.03 [0.04]	0.04 [0.09]	0.12* [0.05]	0.27* [0.10]
4 Years After and Beyond	0.08 [0.06]	0.16* [0.07]	0 [0.04]	0.14* [0.06]	0.05 [0.05]	0.22 [0.11]
p-value for Pre-Trend	0.72	0.503	0.463	0.011	0.443	0.428
Linear Combination of Post-Cap Coefficients	−0.145 [0.105]	0.48*** [0.139]	0.024 [0.073]	0.321 [0.168]	0.173 [0.117]	1.172*** [0.285]
Sample	209	209	209	209	209	209
Mean	1.484	1.6	1.008	2.024	1.794	6.166
State Characteristics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year Fixed Effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
State Fixed Effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Notes: We show physician supply for the most common types of high-risk physician specialists <35 years of age. State characteristics include annual income, 36 age-gender cohorts, and all of the additional malpractice reform variables included in Table 1.

^***Significant at the 0.1 percent level.

^**Significant at the 1 percent level.

^*Significant at the 5 percent level