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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Jul;140(1):1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.05.010

Table 1. Early Life Exposures Impacting Allergic Disease Development.

Protective against Allergic Disease Ref. Promoting Allergic Disease Ref.
Vaginal Birth 16-19 Prenatal/Postnatal Antibiotics 15-16
Increased Microbial/Fungal Diversity 6-11; 23-26; 102 Viral lower respiratory tract infection (RSV, HRV) 42-47
Increased number of siblings; later birth order 15 House Dust Mite, Cockroach, Mouse, and Fungal Exposure 62-67; 71-75; 76-86; 96-101
Farm Exposure 28; 34-40 Prenatal/Postnatal Exposure to Air Pollution 110-123; 125-126; 133-136
Endotoxin Exposure 27-33 Prenatal /Postnatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure 131-132; 138-140