Table 1.
Sample characteristics, by race/ethnicity and single motherhood
| Variable | European ancestry families |
African ancestry families |
||||
| Two parent |
Single mother |
Two parent |
Single mother |
|||
| (n = 1,637) | (n = 74) | (n = 179) | (n = 78) | |||
| Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | ||||||
| First trimester | 415 (25%) | 34 (46%)* | 45 (25%) | 17 (22%) | ||
| Beyond first trimester | 330.(20%) | 32 (43%)* | 36.(20%) | 17 (22%) | ||
| Covariates | ||||||
| Parental alcohol dependence symptoms,a M (SD) | ||||||
| Maternal | 0.08 (0.37) | 0.24 (0.62)* | 0.07 (0.34) | 0.12 (0.43) | ||
| Paternal | 0.82 (0.96) | 0.97 (1.02) | 0.71 (0.95) | 0.71 (0.97) | ||
| Education, in years, M (SD) | 13.38 (2.08) | 12.32 (2.06)* | 13.23 (1.89) | 12.21 (1.64)* | ||
| Age at childbirth, M (SD) | 26.91 (4.82) | 22.88 (5.12)* | 25.81 (4.96) | 23.11 (5.35)* | ||
| Year of birth, M (SD) | 1953.97 (5.47) | 1959.03 (5.43)* | 1955.34 (5.22) | 1957.45 (5.33)* | ||
| Parity, firstborn, n (%) | 672 (41) | 47 (64)* | 55 (31) | 32 (41) | ||
| Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation,<i>b M</i> (SD) | 0.52 (0.27) | 0.74 (0.40)* | 1.09 (0.51) | 1.38 (0.35)* | ||
Notes: Within racial/ethnic group, single mother ≠ two parent,
*
< .05.
a
Log-transformed count of symptoms of DSM-IV alcohol dependence;
b
log-transformed principal component score for neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation.