Table 1.
Sample characteristics: Child- and family-level variables
| Offspring 1 (n = 173) |
Offspring 2 (n = 170) |
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| Variable | Total n | M or %.endorsed | (SD) | Total n | M or % endorsed | (SD) |
| Study variables | ||||||
| SDP severity | 173 | 3.95 | (2.05) | 169 | 2.04 | (1.78) |
| Any substance use | 164 | 26.8% | – | 162 | 11.7% | – |
| Initiation | ||||||
| Alcohol use | 16.5% | – | 4.9% | – | ||
| Tobacco use | 7.9% | – | 3.1% | – | ||
| Marijuana use | 7.3% | – | 1.2% | – | ||
| Other drug use | 12.8% | – | 4.3% | – | ||
| Individual-level covariates | ||||||
| Maternal age at birth | 162 | 26.48 | (5.55) | 164 | 29.20 | (5.74) |
| Maternal education, years, at birth | 162 | 13.28 | (2.12) | 164 | 13.48 | (1.96) |
| Secondhand smoke exposure by fathers | 171 | 1.84 | (1.44) | 161 | 1.15 | (1.43) |
| Marital status, married, at birth | 162 | 83.3% | – | 164 | 81.7% | – |
| Food stamp usage at birth | 154 | 9.7% | – | 153 | 13.7% | – |
| Child sex, male | 173 | 47.4% | 170 | 48.8% | ||
| Maternal |
Paternal |
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| Family-level covariates | n | % | n | % |
| No. of substance use diagnoses | ||||
| 0 | 35 | 21% | 24 | 26% |
| 1 | 70 | 41% | 37 | 39% |
| 2 | 46 | 27% | 18 | 19% |
| 3 | 17 | 10% | 15 | 16% |
| 4 | 1 | 1% | 0 | 0% |
| Family demographics | n | M | (SD) | ||
| Maternal age | 162 | 39.83 | (5.62) | ||
| Paternal age | 80 | 44.04 | (6.34) | ||
| Child 1 age | 173 | 12.99 | (1.95) | ||
| Child 2 age | 170 | 10.190 | (1.80) | ||
Notes: SDP = smoking during pregnancy. No. = number. (We focus on maternal report of SDP severity [a] because prior reports have suggested that maternal report of SDP [absence/presence and quantity/severity] has more predictive validity than do paternal and birth-record-reported SDP, [b] because the severity of SDP including SDP later in pregnancy imparts additional risk above and beyond the absence/presence of SDP, and [c] to be consistent with our prior work using this and other samples).