Table 2.
Linear regression of SBP in the Dar es Salaam Urban Cohort Hypertension Study, 2014 (n=2,174)
| Interviewer-Adjusted* | Fully Adjusted†, R2=0.18 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Characteristic | Mean Difference (95% CI) | P Value | Mean Difference (95% CI) | P Value |
| Intercept | 125.4 (117.3, 133.5) | <0.0001§ | ||
| Age, years | <0.0001‡ | <0.0001‡ | ||
| 40–44 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 45–49 | 3.0 (0.5, 5.3) | 3.2 (0.9, 5.6) | ||
| 50–54 | 8.0 (5.5, 10.5) | 7.1 (4.7, 9.5) | ||
| 54–59 | 11.3 (8.4, 14.1) | 9.0 (6.1, 11.9) | ||
| 60–64 | 15.8 (12.6, 19.0) | 12.9 (9.5, 16.3) | ||
| 64–69 | 16.1 (11.8, 20.4) | 11.8 (7.2, 16.4) | ||
| ≥ 70 | 17.3 (13.1, 21.5) | 13.5 (9.0, 18.0) | ||
| Male | 4.9 (3.0, 6.7) | <0.0001§ | 7.1 (4.8, 9.4) | <0.0001§ |
| Mwembe Madafu neighborhood | 3.3 (−1.4, 8.0) | 0.17§ | 2.8 (−1.7, 7.3) | 0.24§ |
| Muslim | 2.8 (1.0, 4.6) | 0.003§ | 1.9 (0.0, 3.8) | 0.05§ |
| Marital status | <0.0001‖ | 0.56‖ | ||
| Married | Reference | Reference | ||
| Single | −6.4 (−10.4, −2.5) | −0.9 (−4.8, 3.0) | ||
| Separated or divorced | −3.4 (−7.2, 0.5) | −1.5 (−5.2, 2.1) | ||
| Widowed | 4.5 (1.9, 7.2) | 1.4 (−1.3, 4.2) | ||
| Employment | <0.0001‖ | 0.04‖ | ||
| Retired or unemployed | Reference | Reference | ||
| Self-employed | −7.0 (−9.1, −5.0) | −2.4 (−4.8, −0.1) | ||
| Employed | −6.5 (−9.2, −3.8) | −3.6 (−6.5, −0.8) | ||
| Household wealth index quintilee | 0.96‖ | 0.76‖ | ||
| Richest | Reference | Reference | ||
| Richer | 0.8 (−2.0, 3.6) | 1.4 (−1.4, 4.2) | ||
| Average | 0.6 (−2.2, 3.4) | 0.9 (−1.9, 3.6) | ||
| Poorer | 1.1 (−1.8, 4.0) | 1.0 (−2.1, 4.0) | ||
| Poorest | 0.5 (−2.2, 3.3) | −0.2 (−3.4, 2.9) | ||
| Education | 0.0002‖ | 0.02‖ | ||
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| At least some primary | −6.7 (−10.1, −3.2) | −4.3 (−7.7, −0.8) | ||
| At least some secondary | −7.5 (−11.1, −3.9) | −5.4 (−9.3, −1.5) | ||
| Physical activity quintile | <0.0001‡ | 0.005‡ | ||
| Highest (144–1008 MET-hrs/wk) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Higher (47.0–141.3) | 1.8 (−1.1, 4.7) | 1.7 (−1.0, 4.5) | ||
| Average (14.7–46.7) | 4.5 (1.4, 7.5) | 3.1 (0.3, 5.9) | ||
| Lower (4.4–14.0) | 5.3 (2.2, 8.3) | 3.6 (0.6, 6.6) | ||
| Lowest (0.0–4.0) | 8.2 (5.0, 11.5) | 4.8 (1.4, 8.1) | ||
| Television watching, hours per day | 0.06‖ | 0.15‖ | ||
| 0 | Reference | Reference | ||
| >0 – <2 | −2.4 (−4.8, −0.0) | −1.6 (−4.1, 0.8) | ||
| ≥ 2 | −3.2 (−6.0, −0.5) | −2.7 (−5.3, 0.0) | ||
| Smoking | 0.0002‖ | 0.37‖ | ||
| Never | Reference | Reference | ||
| Former | 6.4 (3.3, 9.5) | 1.8 (−1.2, 5.0) | ||
| Current, 0–9 cigarettes per day | 0.5 (−4.0, 5.0) | −0.4 (−4.7, 3.8) | ||
| Current, ≥10 cigarettes per day | 7.1 (−0.3, 14.6) | 5.4 (−2.4, 13.1) | ||
| Alcohol use** | 0.03‖ | 0.03‖ | ||
| 0 grams/day | Reference | Reference | ||
| >0–<10 grams/day | −1.0 (−3.6, 1.5) | 0.3 (−2.3, 2.8) | ||
| ≥10 grams/day | 4.2 (0.8, 7.6) | 4.5 (1.2, 7.8) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | <0.0001‡ | <0.0001‡ | ||
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | −6.4 (−11.5, −1.4) | −9.4 (−14.2, −4.5) | ||
| Overweight (25–<30) | 2.9 (0.7, 5.0) | 4.0 (1.9, 6.1) | ||
| Obese, class I (30–<35) | 3.1 (0.7, 5.5) | 6.3 (3.8, 8.8) | ||
| Obese, class II or III (≥35) | 6.6 (3.3, 9.9) | 10.5 (7.2, 13.8) | ||
*
Adjusted for interviewer (n=21)
†
Adjusted for covariates included in the table and interviewer
‡
Test of trend based on median value within each category
§
T-test
‖
F-test
#
Household wealth index was created by principal component analysis of household characteristics and household asset ownership.
**
Defined based on number of days consumed alcohol over the past 30 days and the average number of drinks per drinking session