Table 3.
Prevalence ratios (PR) for hypertension* in the Dar es Salaam Urban Cohort Hypertension Study, 2014 (n=2,174)
| Interviewer-Adjusted† | Adjustedc | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Variable | PR (95% CI) | P Value§ | PR (95% CI) | P Value§ |
| Age, years | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||
| 40–44 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 45–49 | 1.13 (0.91, 1.41) | 1.11 (0.90, 1.38) | ||
| 50–54 | 1.65 (1.36, 2.00) | 1.53 (1.26, 1.85) | ||
| 54–59 | 1.98 (1.64, 2.39) | 1.73 (1.43, 2.10) | ||
| 60–64 | 2.30 (1.91, 2.78) | 1.90 (1.56, 2.31) | ||
| 64–69 | 2.31 (1.87, 2.85) | 1.73 (1.38, 2.17) | ||
| ≥ 70 | 2.25 (1.83, 2.77) | 1.72 (1.36, 2.18) | ||
| Sex | 0.05 | <0.0001 | ||
| Female | 1 | 1 | ||
| Male | 1.12 (1.00, 1.25) | 1.33 (1.15, 1.53) | ||
| Neighborhood | 0.97 | 0.67 | ||
| Markazi | 1 | 1 | ||
| Mwembe Madafu | 0.99 (0.77, 1.29) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.22) | ||
| Religion | 0.08 | 0.43 | ||
| Christian | 1 | 1 | ||
| Muslim | 1.10 (0.99, 1.23) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18) | ||
| Marital status | <0.0001 | 0.08 | ||
| Married | 1 | 1 | ||
| Single | 0.73 (0.50, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.45) | ||
| Separated or divorced | 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) | 1.08 (0.87, 1.34) | ||
| Widowed | 1.41 (1.25, 1.60) | 1.21 (1.05, 1.39) | ||
| Employment | <0.0001 | 0.001 | ||
| Retired or unemployed | 1 | 1 | ||
| Self-employed | 0.63 (0.56, 0.70) | 0.78 (0.69, 0.89) | ||
| Employed | 0.70 (0.60, 0.82) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96) | ||
| Household wealth index quintile‖ | 0.29 | 0.10 | ||
| Richest | 1 | 1 | ||
| Richer | 1.14 (0.96, 1.36) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.38) | ||
| Average | 1.07 (0.90, 1.27) | 1.08 (0.90, 1.28) | ||
| Poorer | 1.04 (0.87, 1.25) | 1.06 (0.87, 1.29) | ||
| Poorest | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.13) | ||
| Education | 0.001 | 0.01 | ||
| None | 1 | 1 | ||
| At least some primary | 0.70 (0.60, 0.82) | 0.77 (0.65, 0.91) | ||
| At least some secondary | 0.70 (0.59, 0.84) | 0.74 (0.59, 0.92) | ||
| Physical activity quintile | <0.0001# | 0.18# | ||
| Highest (144.0–1008.0 MET-hrs/wk) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Higher (47.0–141.3) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | 1.03 (0.86, 1.24) | ||
| Average (14.7–46.7) | 1.28 (1.06, 1.54) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.30) | ||
| Lower (4.4–14.0) | 1.37 (1.14, 1.65) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) | ||
| Lowest (0.0–4.0) | 1.58 (1.31, 1.90) | 1.16 (0.95, 1.42) | ||
| Television watching, hours per day | 0.48 | 0.60 | ||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | ||
| >0 – <2 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.05) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.07) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.81, 1.09) | ||
| Smoking | 0.0002 | 0.18 | ||
| Never | 1 | 1 | ||
| Former | 1.28 (1.12, 1.47) | 1.10 (0.95, 1.27) | ||
| Current, 0–9 cigarettes per day | 0.80 (0.60, 1.08) | 0.83 (0.62, 1.11) | ||
| Current, ≥10 cigarettes per day | 1.16 (0.73, 1.85) | 1.27 (0.79, 2.03) | ||
| Alcohol use** | 0.09 | 0.27 | ||
| 0 grams/day | 1 | 1 | ||
| >0–<10 grams/day | 0.84 (0.71, 1.00) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.10) | ||
| ≥10 grams/day | 1.05 (0.86, 1.29) | 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | <0.0001# | <0.0001# | ||
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 0.69 (0.47, 1.01) | 0.59 (0.41, 0.85) | ||
| Overweight (25–<30) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.32) | 1.19 (1.04, 1.36) | ||
| Obese, class I (30–<35) | 1.25 (1.08, 1.45) | 1.41 (1.21, 1.65) | ||
| Obese, class II or III (≥35) | 1.42 (1.20, 1.68) | 1.59 (1.33, 1.89) | ||
*
Hypertension defined as SBP ≥140 mmHg, DBP ≥90 mmHg, and/or self-reported anti-hypertensive drug use
†
Adjusted for interviewer (n=21)
‡
Adjusted for covariates included in the table and interviewer
§
χ2 test unless otherwise specified
‖
A household wealth index was created by principal component analysis of household characteristics and household asset ownership.
#
Test of trend based on median value within each category
**
Defined based on number of days consumed alcohol over the past 30 days and the average number of drinks per drinking session