Table 4.
Prevalence ratio (PR) for baseline hypertension awareness among those with hypertension* and PR for hypertension treatment among those aware in the Dar es Salaam Urban Cohort Hypertension Study, 2014
| Hypertension awareness (among 803 hypertensives) | Hypertension treatment (among 382 aware) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Interviewer-Adjusted† | Fully adjusted‡ | Interviewer-Adjusted† | Fully adjusted‡ | |||||
|
| ||||||||
| Characteristic | PR (95% CI) | P Value§ | PR (95% CI) | P Value§ | PR (95% CI) | P Value§ | PR (95% CI) | P Value§ |
| Age, years | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.36 | ||||
| 40–44 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 45–49 | 1.46 (1.08, 1.98) | 1.44 (1.10, 1.90) | 0.85 (0.54, 1.33) | 0.83 (0.54, 1.28) | ||||
| 50–54 | 1.40 (1.05, 1.86) | 1.26 (0.97, 1.64) | 0.89 (0.59, 1.36) | 0.79 (0.53, 1.18) | ||||
| 54–59 | 1.44 (1.08, 1.92) | 1.43 (1.10, 1.87) | 1.15 (0.79, 1.69) | 1.08 (0.74, 1.57) | ||||
| 60–64 | 1.68 (1.26, 2.23) | 1.64 (1.25, 2.16) | 1.29 (0.88, 1.88) | 1.19 (0.78, 1.81) | ||||
| 64–69 | 1.44 (1.03, 2.02) | 1.48 (1.05, 2.10) | 0.99 (0.62, 1.61) | 0.91 (0.55, 1.53) | ||||
| ≥ 70 | 1.41 (1.03, 1.94) | 1.61 (1.18, 2.20) | 0.89 (0.56, 1.40) | 0.86 (0.51, 1.46) | ||||
| Sex | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.15 | 0.04 | ||||
| Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Male | 0.65 (0.55, 0.76) | 0.69 (0.56, 0.85) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.06) | 0.72 (0.52, 0.98) | ||||
| Neighborhood | 0.38 | 0.25 | 0.08 | 0.03 | ||||
| Markazi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Mwembe Madafu | 1.15 (0.84, 1.58) | 1.19 (0.88, 1.62) | 0.63 (0.38, 1.06) | 0.55 (0.32, 0.96) | ||||
| Religion | 0.13 | 0.93 | 0.03 | 0.06 | ||||
| Christian | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Muslim | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.15) | 0.79 (0.64, 0.98) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.01) | ||||
| Marital status | 0.12 | 0.76 | 0.07 | 0.10 | ||||
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Single | 0.83 (0.48, 1.46) | 0.89 (0.56, 1.42) | 2.11 (1.43, 3.10) | 1.87 (1.23, 2.83) | ||||
| Separated or divorced | 0.89 (0.65, 1.23) | 0.94 (0.72, 1.24) | 1.27 (0.83, 1.94) | 1.27 (0.81, 1.98) | ||||
| Widowed | 1.19 (1.02, 1.40) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.28) | 1.10 (0.87, 1.39) | 1.06 (0.82, 1.39) | ||||
| Employment | 0.03 | 0.61 | 0.03 | 0.10 | ||||
| Retired or unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Self-employed | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) | 0.98 (0.83, 1.16) | 0.77 (0.61, 0.99) | 0.79 (0.59, 1.07) | ||||
| Employed | 0.79 (0.63, 0.98) | 0.89 (0.70, 1.13) | 1.14 (0.86, 1.49) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.57) | ||||
| Household health insurance | <0.0001 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.15 | ||||
| Insured | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Uninsured | 0.68 (0.58, 0.80) | 0.88 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.76 (0.60, 0.96) | 0.84 (0.65, 1.10) | ||||
| Household wealth index quintile‖ | <0.0001# | 0.0008# | 0.13# | 0.74# | ||||
| Richest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Richer | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 1.15 (0.97, 1.36) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.33) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.35) | ||||
| Average | 0.74 (0.60, 0.91) | 0.71 (0.57, 0.89) | 0.90 (0.65, 1.24) | 0.98 (0.69, 1.39) | ||||
| Poorer | 0.66 (0.52, 0.82) | 0.71 (0.56, 0.90) | 0.93 (0.67, 1.30) | 1.12 (0.76, 1.65) | ||||
| Poorest | 0.58 (0.45, 0.74) | 0.57 (0.43, 0.76) | 0.73 (0.48, 1.11) | 0.83 (0.53, 1.31) | ||||
| Education | 0.004 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.40 | ||||
| None | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| At least some primary | 1.20 (0.93, 1.55) | 1.24 (0.97, 1.59) | 1.27 (0.82, 1.96) | 1.21 (0.72, 2.03) | ||||
| At least some secondary | 1.44 (1.11, 1.88) | 1.44 (1.08, 1.92) | 1.47 (0.94, 2.30) | 1.39 (0.79, 2.43) | ||||
| Physical activity quintile | 0.48 | 0.81 | 0.55 | 0.43 | ||||
| Highest (144–1008 MET-hrs/wk) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Higher (47.0–141.3) | 1.08 (0.83, 1.40) | 0.96 (0.75, 1.22) | 1.00 (0.68, 1.46) | 1.11 (0.76, 1.63) | ||||
| Average (14.7–46.7) | 1.20 (0.93, 1.54) | 1.01 (0.79, 1.29) | 1.05 (0.73, 1.51) | 1.10 (0.74, 1.64) | ||||
| Lower (4.4–14.0) | 1.18 (0.91, 1.52) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) | 0.86 (0.59, 1.26) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.25) | ||||
| Lowest (0.0–4.0) | 1.24 (0.97, 1.60) | 1.00 (0.76, 1.30) | 1.13 (0.80, 1.60) | 1.15 (0.77, 1.72) | ||||
| Television watching, hours per day | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.83 | 0.94 | ||||
| 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| >0 – <2 | 1.01 (0.84, 1.22) | 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) | 1.08 (0.82, 1.41) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.32) | ||||
| ≥ 2 | 1.15 (0.95, 1.40) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.73, 1.39) | 0.94 (0.64, 1.38) | ||||
| Smoking | 0.006 | 0.73 | 0.37 | 0.25 | ||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Former | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) | 1.07 (0.86, 1.33) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.45) | 1.29 (0.92, 1.80) | ||||
| Current, 0–9 cigarettes per day | 0.57 (0.33, 0.96) | 0.97 (0.66, 1.43) | 0.72 (0.27, 1.88) | 1.11 (0.36, 3.45) | ||||
| Current, ≥10 cigarettes per day | 0.39 (0.12, 1.21) | 0.66 (0.22, 1.93) | 2.45 (1.81, 3.32) | 3.58 (1.98, 6.50) | ||||
| Alcohol use** | <0.0001 | 0.008 | 0.49 | 0.59 | ||||
| 0 grams/day | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| >0–<10 grams/day | 0.64 (0.47, 0.87) | 0.68 (0.51, 0.91) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 0.88 (0.57, 1.35) | ||||
| ≥10 grams/day | 0.51 (0.33, 0.79) | 0.60 (0.40, 0.90) | 0.70 (0.34, 1.46) | 0.70 (0.31, 1.58) | ||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | <0.0001 | 0.0008 | 0.67 | 0.98 | ||||
| Normal weight (18.5–<25) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 0.74 (0.36, 1.54) | 0.66 (0.30, 1.44) | 1.13 (0.49, 2.62) | 1.33 (0.51, 3.59) | ||||
| Overweight (25–<30) | 1.50 (1.21, 1.84) | 1.33 (1.08, 1.63) | 1.19 (1.89, 1.59) | 1.05 (0.77, 1.42) | ||||
| Obese, class I (30–<35) | 1.60 (1.29, 2.00) | 1.24 (0.98, 1.57) | 1.14 (0.83, 1.55) | 1.06 (0.77, 1.46) | ||||
| Obese, class II or III (≥35) | 1.61 (1.26, 2.05) | 1.45 (1.14, 1.84) | 1.29 (0.91, 1.82) | 1.07 (0.73, 1.54) | ||||
*
Hypertension defined as SBP ≥140 mmHg, DBP ≥90 mmHg, and/or self-reported anti-hypertensive drug use
†
Adjusted for interviewer (n=21)
‡
Adjusted for covariates included in the table and interviewer
§
χ2-test unless otherwise specified
‖
Household wealth index was created by principal component analysis of household characteristics and household asset ownership.
#
Test of trend based on median value within each category
**
Defined based on number of days consumed alcohol over the past 30 days and the average number of drinks per drinking session