Table 3.
Phenotypical assaying for yeast antagonistic activity against molds and their volatile organic compounds (VOCs) referred to mycelial growth reduction of B. cinerea, P. expansum, and A. carbonarius.
| Species | Strain | D1/D2 Accession no. | VOCsa (%) | Protease | Pectinase | Glucanase | Chitinase | Glucosidase | Killer activity | Acetic acid productionb | H2S released | Iron depletionc | Biofilm formationd |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. pullulans | FZ02a | MF926292 | 28.0 | – | + | + | + | – | – | 0.3 | + | Positive with Botrytis | 0.110 |
| C. californica | CABMC2A | MF927682 | 45.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | + | Positive with Botrytis | 0.030 |
| H. uvarum | SEHMA6A | MF783054 | 31.0 | – | + | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | Positive with Botrytis | 0.042 |
| H. uvarum | CABM8A | MF926284 | 44.5 | – | + | – | – | – | – | 0.1 | + | Positive with Botrytis and Aspergillus | 0.010 |
| H. uvarum | CABCM1A | MF926285 | 35.8 | – | + | – | – | – | – | 0.2 | – | Positive with Botrytis | 0.100 |
| H. uvarum | CAMM3A | MF926286 | 34.8 | + | + | – | – | – | – | 0.1 | – | Positive with Botrytis | 0 |
| H. uvarum | CAMM6A | MF926287 | 40.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.3 | – | Negative | 0.010 |
| H. uvarum | SEHI3C | MF927683 | 25.8 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1 | – | Positeive with Botrytis | 0.030 |
| H. uvarum | SEHI1C | MF926288 | 21.0 | – | + | – | – | – | – | 0 | + | Positive with Botrytis | 0.080 |
| H. uvarum | SEHM7C | MF926289 | 26.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0.1 | – | Positive with Botrytis and Aspergillus | 0.150 |
| H. uvarum | CAMB9A | MF926290 | 27.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | Negative | 0.034 |
| H. clermontiae | CABMB1A | MF783060 | 18.7 | + | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | Positive with Botrytis | 0.011 |
| H. uvarum | Control | MF801365 | 28.7 | + | – | – | – | – | – | 0.3 | + | Negative | 0.033 |
| M. fructicola* | ROMA10 | MF783057 | 28.3 | + | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | Positive with Botrytis | 0.070 |
| M. guilliermondii | CABM1A | MF927684 | 44.5 | – | + | – | – | – | – | 0.2 | + | Negative | 0.010 |
| M. guilliermondii | SEHIB8 | MF783055 | 37.0 | + | + | – | – | – | – | 0.2 | + | Positive with Botrytis | 0.027 |
| M. viticola* | ROMMA1A | MF783062 | 46.5 | + | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | Positive with Botrytis | 0.050 |
| P. kluyveri | SEHMA6B | MF783059 | 26.7 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | + | Positive with Botrytis and Aspergillus | 0.014 |
| P. kluyveri | CABMC6C | MF926283 | 29.5 | + | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | Positive with Botrytis | 0.360 |
| S. cerevisiae | CABMA3A | MF783053 | 40.0 | – | – | – | – | + | + | 0.1 | + | Positive with Botrytis | 0.010 |
| V. carnescens | HB02b | MF926293 | 28.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 0 | – | Positive with Botrytis | 0.110 |
This table shows the most probable yeast strain according to the compared databased belonging to the Metschnikowia clade, but these yeast strains cannot be assigned unequivocally to one of the species in the clade.
The percentage is calculated: (M – Mwy)/M*100 where M is the mold growth (cm) without antagonistic yeast on the plate and Mwy is the mold growth in presence of the antagonistic yeast on septet plates (cm). The percentage represents the reduction of mold grown caused by yeast VOCs.
Values are expressed in centimeters (diameter of the halo of the positive acetic acid-producing yeast strains on the plate) a strain of Acetobacter was used as positive control.
Positive is when in presence of iron the yeast decreases its antagonistic activity; Negative is when the antagonistic activity of the yeast is the same in presence or in absence of iron.
The values are expressed as the average of the absorbance at 590 nm of three well-subtracted for the control test values.