Table 1. CTCs technologies in lung cancer.
| Technology | CTC enrichment | CTC detection | Comments | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Label-dependent systems | ||||
| AdnaTest | Immunomagnetic beads anti-EpCAM and/or other tumor-associated markers | RT-PCR for cancer specific targets | CTC number not quantifiable | Tewes (30) |
| Andreopoulou (31) | ||||
| Hanssen (32) | ||||
| CellSearch® System | Anti-EpCAM coated immunomagnetic beads | Immunocytochemistry: CK8,18,19+CD45-DAPI+ CTCs | Semi-automated platform. FDA-cleared for metastatic breast, prostate and colorectal cancer | Cristofanilli (6) |
| Allard (13) | ||||
| Krebs (33) | ||||
| CTC-Chip | Microposts array coated with anti-EpCAM Abs | Immunofluorescence: CK+CD45-DAPI+ CTCs | Microfluidic technology. Unlabeled cells are available for subsequent molecular analyses | Nagrath (34) |
| Sequist (35) | ||||
| Zhang (36) | ||||
| GILUPI Cell Collector® | EpCAM-coated medical wire | Immunofluorescence: EpCAM+ and/or CK+, CD45-DAPI+ CTCs and morphology | Process large volumes of blood for in vivo CTCs collection | Saucedo-Zeni (37) |
| Gorges (38) | ||||
| HB-CTC (Herringbone-Chip) | EpCAM Ab-coated surface combined with high-throughput microfluidics | Immunofluorescence: CD45-DAPI+ CTCs and tumor associated targets | Increased interactions CTCs-chip surface due to microvortices. Allows CTM detection | Stott (39) |
| MACS® (Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting System) | Paramagnetic beads with anti-EpCAM, panCK, HER2/neu, or CD45 Abs. Separation by high-gradient magnetic fields | – | Cells available for subsequent analyses | Miltenyi (40) |
| Mayo (41) | ||||
| RosetteSep™ (Human Circulating Epithelial Tumor Cells Enrichment Cocktail) | Negative selection (i.e., anti-CD45) combined with gradient density centrifugation | – | Highly purified, unlabeled cells for downstream analyses | He (42) |
| Hodgkinson (43) | ||||
| Morrow (44) | ||||
| Label-independent systems | ||||
| ClearCell® FX1 System | Size-based selection using centrifugal force | – | Isolates unlabeled cells. Requires RBC lysis. Small CTCs may escape detection | Lim (45) |
| Tan (46) | ||||
| DEPArray™ System | Cells trapped in DEP cages and sorted by morphological parameters | – | Isolates unlabeled, purified single cells. Requires pre-enrichment | Fabbri (47) |
| Hodgkinson (43) | ||||
| ISET® (Isolation by Size of Epithelial Tumor cells) | Filtration based on cell size and deformability | Epithelial and/or vimentin immunocytochemistry; cytomorphological detection | Filtration-based technology. Isolates CTM; small CTCs may escape detection | Hofman (48) |
| Farace (49) | ||||
| Krebs (18) | ||||
| Ilie (50) | ||||
Ab, antibody; CK, cytokeratin; CTM, circulating tumor microemboli; CTCs, circulating tumor cells; DEP, dielectrophoretic; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; HER2/neu, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; RBC, red blood cells; RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.