. 2017 May 8;5(7):944–953. doi: 10.1177/2050640617705576

Table 1.

Gut microbiota composition in patients with liver cirrhosis and HCC.

Ref. no.	POPULATION	No.	SAMPLE	METHODOLOGY	PHYLUM	CLASS	FAMILY	GENUS	SPECIES
29	HBV-C Alcohol-C HC	24 12 24	Stool	16S rRNA gene 454-pyrosequencing, quantitative real-time PCR	↓Bacteroidetes	↓Bacteroidia	↓Bacteroidaceae
					↔Firmicutes	↑Bacilli ↔Clostridia ↔Negativicutes	↑Streptococcaceae ↓Lachnospiriaceae ↑Veillonellaceae	↑Enterococcocus ↑Clostridium XI
					↑Proteobacteria	↑γ−Proteobacteria	↑Enterobacteriaceeae ↑Pasturellaceae
					↑Fusobacteria		↑Fusbacteriaceae
47	HBV-C HBV-CH HBV carriers HC	31 31 30 32	Stool	Quantitative PCR				↓Bifidobacterium ↓Clostridium XI ↓Clostridium XIVab
47	HBV-C HBV-CH HBV carriers HC	31 31 30 32	Stool	Quantitative PCR			↑Enterobacteriaceeae
48	C HC	23 10	Duodenal mucosa	Real-time PCR FISH			↑Enterococaceae
32	C HE C non-HE HC	19 17 17	Stool and colonic mucosa	16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, quantitative real-time PCR	Firmicutes		Colstridiaceae Lachnospiriaceae Ruminococcaceae Veillonellaceae Enterococcaceae	↑Clostridium ↓Dorea ↓Subdoligranulum ↑Acidaminococcus ↑Enterococcus
32	C HE C non-HE HC	19 17 17	Stool and colonic mucosa	16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing, quantitative real-time PCR	Proteobacteria		Burkholderiaceae Enterobacteriaceae	↑Burkholderia, ↑Ralstonia ↑Proteus
49	C HE C non-HE HC	17 8 10	Stool	16S rRNA gene Multitag pyrosequencing, quantitative LH- PCR			↓Lachnospiriaceae ↓Ruminococcaceae ↑Fusobacteriacee ↑Leuconostocaceae ↑Alcaligenaceae	↓Clostridium XIVab
50	C HC	6 4	Stool	Real-Time PCR PCR-DGGE			↑Enterococaceae ↑Enterobacteriaceae
51	Early-C Advanced-C HC	23 24 14	Stool	16S rRNA gene Multitag pyrosequencing, quantitative LH- PCR	Firmicutes Bacteroidetes Proteobacteria		↓Lachnospiriaceae ↓Ruminococcaceae ↑Veillonellaceae ↓Rikenellaceae ↑Enterobacteriaceae	↓Blautia
52	C HC	6 4	Stool	16S rDNA gene pyrosequencing			↑Veillonellaceae ↑Streptococcaceae		S. salivarius
31	C HC	98 83	Stool	16S rRNA gene high-throughput Solexa sequencing quantitative real-time PCR	↓Bacteroidetes			↓Bacteroides ↓Alistipes ↑Prevotella
					Firmicutes			↑ Veillonella ↑ Clostridium Faecalibacterium Coprococcus ↑ Streptococcus ↓ Eubacterium	↑ V. dispar, V. atypica, V. parvula ↑ C. perfringens ↓ F. prausnitzii ↓ C. comes ↑ S. anginosus, S. salivarus
					↑Proteobacteria			↑ Campylobacter ↑ Haemophilus	↑H. parainfluenzae
					↑Fusobacteria
53	Alcoholic C- Non-alcoholic C HC Healthy volunteers	13 13 14 7	Stool	Real-Time PCR			↑Enterobacteriaceae	↑Bacteroides
54	C HC CD OGD	20 20 20 20	Stool	Culture				↑Lactobacillus
55	C HE C non-HE HC	43 59 32	Saliva Stool	16S rRNA gene Multitag Pyrosequencing			↑Prevotellaceae^a ↑Enterococcaceae^a ↑Fusobacteriaceae^a ↑Enterobacteriaceae^a ↓Erysipelothricaceae^a ↓Clostridiales XIV^b ↓Lachnospiriaceae^b ↓Ruminococcaceae^b
55	C HE C non-HE HC	43 59 32	Saliva Stool	16S rRNA gene Multitag Pyrosequencing			↑Enterococcaceae^a ↓Clostridiales XIV^b ↓Lachnospiriaceae^b ↓Ruminococcaceae^b ↓Erysipelothricaceae^b
33	C HC	30 28	Duodenal mucosa	16S rRNA gene Multitag Pyrosequencing	↑Firmicutes			↑ Veillonella ↑ Megasphera ↑ Dialister ↑ Atopobium ↑ Prevotella ↓ Neisseria ↓ Haemophilus ↓ SR1 genera incertae sedis
56	HBV-C HC	120	Stool	16S rRNA gene high-throughput Solexa sequencing quantitative real-time PCR	↓Bacteroidetes
					↔Firmicutes	↑Bacilli ↑Negativicutes	↑Streptococcaceae ↑Veillonellaceae
					↑Proteobacteria	↑γ−Proteobacteria	↑Enterobacteriaceeae
57	C HE C non-HE HC	85 62 40	Stool	16S rRNA gene Multitag pyrosequencing	↓Bacteroidetes^b		↓Prevotellaceae^b ↓Bacteroidaceae^b ↑Porphyromondaceae^b ↑Reikenelleacae^b
					↓Firmicutes^b		↓Clostridiales XIV^b ↓Lachnospiriaceae^b ↓Ruminococcaceae^b ↑Enterococcaceae^b ↑Lactobacillaceae^b
					↑Proteobacteria^b		↑Enterobacteriaceae^a*
34	HCC non-HCC	15 15	Stool	Culture					↑ E. coli
35	HCC HC	35 25	Tongue coat	16S rRNA gene Multitag Pyrosequencing				↑Oribacterium ↑Fusobacterium

C: cirrhosis; CD: Crohn's Disease; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HC: healthy controls; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HE: hepatic encephalopathy; DGGE: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis; OGD: Other Gastrointestinal Disease; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; rRNA: ribosomal RNA.

Significant differences between controls and cirrhotics, but no difference between HE and non-HE patients.

Significant differences between controls, HE, and non-HE patients.