Table 1.
Microparticles as biomarkers of traumatic brain injury: studies and findings
| Study | Microparticle phenotype | Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical studies | ||
| Jacoby et al. (2001) | PMP: CD61 | Increased numbers of PMP in whole blood in TBI patients |
| Morel et al. (2008) | MP: Annexin V | Increased numbers of Annexin V+ MP in the CSF and in the plasma of severe TBI patients |
| Tschuor et al. (2008) | MP: CD61 | Deceased MPs in patients’ plasma in the second week post TBI |
| Patz et al. (2013) | MP: miR-9, miR-451 | Increased MP in CSF of severe TBI patients |
| Nekludov et al. (2014) | PMP: CD42a, P-selectin; EMP: CD144, TF; LMP: CD45, TF; MP: lactadherin | Increased EMP and PMP in cerebrovenous; Increased LMP in arterial in patients with severe isolated traumatic brain injury |
| Animal studies | ||
| Midura et al. (2015) | PMP: CD41 | Increased PMP in the plasma of TBI mice contributes to hypercoagulant |
| Tian et al. (2015) | BDMP: Annexin V, NSE, GFAP | Increased BDMP in the plasma of TBI mice |
| Andrews et al. (2016) | EMP: Occludin | EMP increased in plasma of TBI mice |
| Bohman et al. (2016) | MP: Annexin V | MP levels were elevated in the serum of TBI mice |
| Yasui et al. (2016) | MP: TF, GFAP | Increased TF-positive MP in the alveolar spaces of TBI rats |
| Zhao et al. (2016) | mtMP: MitoTracker, Annexin V, NSE, | Incresed mtMP in the plasma of TBI mice |
| Harrison et al. (2016) | EV: miR-212, miR-21, miR-146, miR-7a, and miR-7b | Increased miR-21, miR-146, miR-7a, and miR-7b in EV in the traumatic mice brain |
Abbreviations: BDMP, brain-derived microparticles; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; EMP, endothelial-derived microparticles; EV, extracellular vesicles; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; LMP, leukocyte-derived microparticles; miR, micro RNA; MP, microparticles; mtMP, mitochondrial miroparticles; PMP, platelet-derived microparticles; TBI, traumatic brain injury; TF, tissue factor; EMPs, endothelium-derived microparticles