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. 2017 Nov 7;7:14761. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15348-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Serotonin modifies the type I IFN-dependent gene profile and impairs the response of human macrophages to type I IFN through 5-HT7R and PKA. (A) GSEA on the “t statistic-ranked” list of genes obtained from the 5-HT-treated M-MØ versus M-MØ limma analysis, using the “Hallmark_Interferon_gamma_response” (left panel) and the “Hallmark_Interferon_alpha_response” (right panel) gene sets. (B) Expression of the indicated genes in untreated (-) or 5-HT-pretreated (5HT, 6 h) LPS-stimulated (4 h) M-MØ, as determined by qRT-PCR. Results are expressed as the mRNA level of each gene relative to the level of TBP mRNA in the same sample (n = 3; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). (C) Production of LPS-stimulated CXCL10 by untreated (-) M-MØ and 5-HT-treated M-MØ (5HT, 6 h) exposed to LPS for 18 h (n = 12; *p < 0.05). (D) Production of IFNβ1-stimulated CXCL10 by M-MØ non-treated (-) or pretreated with 5-HT (5HT, 6 h), using the indicated concentrations of IFNβ1 (n = 13; *p < 0.05). (E) Levels of IkBα and phosphorylated STAT1 in untreated (-) M-MØ and 5-HT-treated M-MØ (5HT, 6 h), after stimulation with LPS for the indicated periods of time (left panel). Protein loading was normalized using a monoclonal antibody against GAPDH. Densitometric analysis of three independent experiments is shown in the right panels (n = 3; **p < 0.01). (F) Levels of phosphorylated STAT1 in untreated (-) M-MØ and 5-HT-treated M-MØ (5HT, 6 h), after stimulation with LPS or IFNβ1 (for 2 h). Protein loading was normalized using a monoclonal antibody against Vinculin. Densitometric analysis of three independent experiments is shown in the right panels (n = 3; *p < 0.05). (G) Production of LPS-stimulated CXCL10 by non-treated (-) M-MØ or M-MØ pretreated with 5-HT (5HT, 6 h) in the presence or absence of the 5-HT7R antagonists SB269970 or SB258719 (n = 6; *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001) (left panel) or in the presence or absence of the PKA inhibitor RP8 (n = 6; **p < 0.01) (right panel).