Table 2.

Summary of demographic, genetic, drug- and disease-mediated factors influencing antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel.

Potential factors		Influence on clopidogrel HPR	Influence on cardiovascular risk	Influence on bleeding risk
Demographics
Older age		↑	↑	↑
Obesity		↑↑	↑↓	-
Sex		↔	↔	↔
Pharmacogenetics
ABCB1	C3435T	↔	↔	↔
CES1	G143E A-618C	↓ ↔	N/A ↔	N/A N/A
CYP2C19	G681A (*2) G636A (*3)	↑↑	↑↑	↓
	C806T (*17)	↔	↔	↔
CYP1A2	*1C-1F, *7, *11, *16 and others	↔	↔	↔
CYP2B6	*1B, *1C, *5, *6, *9, *11 and others	↔	↔	↔
CYP2C9	C430T (*2) A1075C (*3) and others	↔	↔	↔
CYP3A4/5	*2, *3, *17 and others (CYP3A4) *2, *3, *6 and others (CYP3A5)	↔	↔	↔
PON1	Q192R	↔	↔	↔
P2Y12	H2 haplotype and others	↔	↔	↔
Drug-Drug Interactions
Proton pump inhibitors		↑	↔	↓
Statins		↔	↔	↔
Calcium channel blockers		↔	↔	↔
Anticoagulants		N/A	↓	↑
Antidepressants		↔	↔	↔
Comorbidities
Diabetes		↑↑	↑↑	↓
Chronic kidney disease		↑	↑	↑↑

N/A not available, ↑ and ↓ indicate an increase and decrease, respectively, ↔ indicates no effect.