Table 4.
Symptom Severity as assessed with Patient Assessment of Upper Gastrointestinal Symptoms questionnaire; comparison between gastroparesis patients on chronic opioids and patients with no opioid use
| GI symptom | GpCO (n = 43) | GpNO (n = 158) | P value |
| Nausea | 4.09 ± 0.12 | 3.41 ± 0.12 | 0.011 |
| Retching | 2.86 ± 0.25 | 1.98 ± 0.14 | 0.003 |
| Vomiting | 2.93 ± 0.24 | 2.07 ± 0.15 | 0.011 |
| Stomach fullness | 3.84 ± 0.18 | 3.59 ± 0.11 | 0.254 |
| Early satiety | 4.17 ± 0.19 | 3.57 ± 0.12 | 0.004 |
| Post prandial fullness | 4.14 ± 0.18 | 3.63 ± 0.11 | 0.022 |
| Loss of appetite | 3.64 ± 0.21 | 3.04 ± 0.13 | 0.039 |
| Bloating | 3.67 ± 0.19 | 3.36 ± 0.13 | 0.396 |
| Abdominal distension | 2.95 ± 0.25 | 3.01 ± 0.14 | 0.753 |
| Upper AP | 3.86 ± 0.20 | 2.93 ± 0.13 | 0.001 |
| Upper abdominal discomfort | 3.74 ± 0.19 | 3.09 ± 0.13 | 0.031 |
| Lower AP | 2.67 ± 0.27 | 2.38 ± 0.13 | 0.315 |
| Lower abdominal discomfort | 2.79 ± 0.25 | 2.38 ± 0.13 | 0.130 |
| Heartburn during day | 2.55 ± 0.27 | 1.89 ± 0.13 | 0.032 |
| Heartburn on lying down | 2.76 ± 0.28 | 1.94 ± 0.14 | 0.008 |
| Chest discomfort during day | 2.42 ± 0.20 | 1.83 ± 0.12 | 0.018 |
| Chest discomfort at night | 2.40 ± 0.23 | 1.61 ± 0.13 | 0.003 |
| Regurgitation or reflux during day | 2.77 ± 0.25 | 2.18 ± 0.13 | 0.040 |
| Regurgitation or reflux on lying down | 2.64 ± 0.28 | 2.21 ± 0.14 | 0.120 |
| Bitter/acid/sour taste | 2.79 ± 0.27 | 2.11 ± 0.14 | 0.028 |
| Constipation | 2.92 ± 0.30 | 2.63 ± 0.14 | 0.296 |
| Diarrhea | 1.80 ± 0.30 | 1.79 ± 0.14 | 0.891 |
| Total Symptom Severity Score | 68.40 ± 2.82 | 56.63 ± 1.77 | 0.001 |
1Results with non-normal distribution. Results expressed as median with interquartile range, and percentage as appropriate. AP: Abdominal pain; BMs: Bowel movements; GpCO: Gastroparesis patients on chronic opioids; GpNO: Gastroparesis patients not on opioids.