Table 1.
Current generation reports of graphene-based biosensors.
| Technique | Receptor System | Target Biomolecules | Limit of Detection | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FRET 1 | Boron-doped GQDs 2/ATP 3 | Ce3+ ions in MCF-7 4 cells | 0.4 mM in 10 ± 5 cell/mL | [21] |
| FRET | MWCNTs@GONRs 5 | dual tDNAs (P35s 6 and TNOS 7) | 0.35 nM for P35 s 0.5 nM for TNOS |
[22] |
| FRET | GQD-PEG-aptamer/MoS2 | EpCAM 8 | 450 pM | [23] |
| GFET 9 | Graphene/Tris-HCl | Pb2+ | <37.5 ng/L | [49] |
| GFET | Graphene/Anti-CEA 10 | CEA protein | <100 pg/mL | [108] |
| GFET | Graphene/DNA | Pb2+ | 163.7 ng/L | [109] |
| GFET | Graphene | DNA | 10 pM | [50] |
| GO 11 FET | GO/pentacene | Artificial DNA | 0.1 pM | [110] |
| GpO 12 FET | GpO/Cu or AgNPS | Glucose | 1 μM | [111] |
| RGO 13 FET | Urease/PEI 14/RGO | Urea | 1 μM | [112] |
| RGO FET | PtNPS | BNP 15 | 0.1 pM | [113] |
| GSPR 16 | Biotin-SA 17/GO | DNA | - | [114] |
| GLSPR 18 | Ni/graphene | 3-NT 19 | 0.13 pg/mL | [115] |
| SPR | RGO | Rabbit IgG 20 | 0.3125 μg/L | [116] |
| SPR | Au/GO–COOH | Anti-BSA 21 | 0.01 pg/mL | [117] |
| SPR | M. lysodeikticus/GO | Lysozyme in serum | 0.05 μg/mL | [118] |
| SPR | GO/(N-) PPLRINRHILTR(-C) 22 | HCG 23 | 0.065 nM | [119] |
| Fiber optic SPR | Ag-MoS2-Graphene | DNA | 1 μM | [120] |
| SPR | Graphene–MoS2 | ssDNA | - | [121] |
| ECHEM 24 | AuNPS/GO | MCF-7 | 0.0375 μg/mL | [122] |
| ECHEM | NH2-GS/Au@Pt/PDA-N-MWCNT 25 | AFP 26 | 0.1 pg/mL | [123] |
| ECHEM | FAO 27/N-doped graphene/AuNPS/FTO | HbA1c 28 | 0.2 μg/mL | [124] |
| ECHEM | Pd-Au@carbon dots | Colitoxin DNA in human serum | 1.82 × 10−17 M | [125] |
| ECHEM | Ni-MG-BDD 29 | Glucose | 0.24 μM | [126] |
| ECHEM | AQ-labeled acpcPNA 30 G-PANI | HPV-DNA type 16 | 2.3 nM | [127] |
| ECHEM | GO-ssDNA/Au | VEGF 32 | 0.05 ng/mL | [128] |
| PLLA 31/GO-ssDNA/Au | PSA 33 | 1 ng/mL | ||
| ECHEM | MoS2-Graphene/L-cysteine | PTH 34 | 1 pg/mL | [129] |
| ECHEM | MoS2/graphene | ctDNA 35 | 0.0001 pM | [130] |
| ECHEM | AuNPS/MoS2/graphene/GCE 36 | DNA | 0.0022 pM | [131] |
| ECHEM | Calix[4]arene phosphoryl/graphene electrode | Carbofuran | 1 μM | [132] |
| ECHEM | Anti human d-dimer antibody/lipid film/graphene nanosheets | d-dimer | 1 μM | [133] |
| Electron transfer | MoS2/GO | Glucose in human serum | 65 nM | [134] |
Notes: 1 FRET: fluorescence resonance energy transfer, 2 GQDs: graphene quantum dots, 3 ATP: adenosine triphosphate, 4 MCF-7: Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (breast cancer cells),5 GONRs: graphene oxide nanoribbons, 6 P35s: promoter cauliflower mosaic virus 35 s, 7 TNOS: terminator nopaline synthase (from transgenic soybean), 8 EpCAM: epithelial cell adhesion molecule, 9 GFET: graphene field effect transistor, 10 CEA: carcinoembryonic antigen, 11 GO: graphene oxide, 12 GpO: graphite oxide, 13 RGO: reduced graphene oxide, 14 PEI: polyethylenimine, 15 BNP: brain natriuretic peptide (heart failure), 16 GSPR: graphene based surface plasmon resonance, 17 Biotin-SA: biotin-streptavidin, 18 GLSPR: graphene localized surface plasmon resonance, 19 3-NT: 3-nitro-l-tyrosine, 20 Rabbit immunoglobulin G, 21 BSA: bovine serum albumin protein, 22 (N-) PPLRINRHILTR(-C): (N-Pro-ProLeu-Arg-Ile-Asn-Arg-His-Ile-Leu-Thr-Arg-C), 23 HCG: human chorionic gonadotropin protein, 24 ECHEM: electrochemistry, 25 PDA-N-MWCNT: poly-dopamine functionalized N-doped multi-walled carbon nanotube, 26 AFP: Alpha fetoprotein, 27 FAO: fructosyl amino-acid oxidase, 28 HbA1c: Glycatedhemoglobin, 29 Ni-MG-BDD: nickel-microcrystalline graphite-boron doped diamond, 30 acpcPNA: anthraquinone-labeled pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid, 31 VEGF : vascular endothelial growth factor, 32 PLLA: poly-L-lactide, 33 PSA: prostate-specific antigen, 34 PTH: parathyroid hormone, 35 ctDNA: circulating tumor DNA, 36 GCE: carbon glassy electrode.