Figure 7.

Inactivation effects of dual UV-MO nanoparticle hybrid on phages.

Notes: (A) The plot of Log(PFU/mL) versus MO nanoparticles. MO nanoparticles at 1.0 mg/mL were treated for 30 min with and without dual UV irradiation for 30 s or 10 s in three cycles. After treatment of cyclic exposure (10 s × 3) from the uncoated area and MO nanoparticles, representative plate images of plaques are shown: (B) control (untreated), (C) UV (uncoated), (D) ZnO, (E) ZnTiO₃, (F) MgO, and (G) CuO. -, not detected; *p<0.05; **p<0.01.

Abbreviation: MO, metal oxide.