Table 2.
Parents’ Perceived Control and Social Support Predict Changes in Parenting Behavior
| Consistent Discipline |
Standard Setting |
Parental Warmth |
Parental Hostility |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||||
| Est | SE | Est | SE | Est | SE | Est | SE | |
|
|
||||||||
| Model 1: Main Effect Models | ||||||||
| Fixed Effects | ||||||||
| Parents’ perceived control | .18*** | (.04) | .10* | (.05) | −.05 | (.03) | −.01 | (.03) |
| Social support | .03 | (.04) | .11* | (.04) | .07* | (.04) | −.07* | (.03) |
| T1 parenting | 44*** | (.02) | .47*** | (.03) | .75*** | (.02) | .69*** | (.02) |
| Youth gender | −.07 | (.05) | −.07* | (.05) | −.09 | (.05) | −.02 | (.04) |
| Parent education | .02 | (.01) | −.02 | (.01) | −.01 | (.01) | .01 | (.01) |
| Dual bio parent | .02 | (.05) | .10 | (.08) | .06 | (.06) | .06 | (.04) |
| Condition | −.00 | (.05) | .07 | (.06) | −.01 | (.05) | −.07* | (.04) |
| Parent gender | .01 | (.03) | −.07* | (.03) | −.12* | (.03) | .00 | (.02) |
| Random effects | ||||||||
| Intercept | .19*** | (.02) | .35*** | (.04) | .22*** | (.02) | .11*** | (.01) |
| Residual | .26*** | (.02) | .34*** | (.02) | .26 *** | (.01) | .18 *** | (.01) |
| Model 2: Moderation Models by Parent Gender | ||||||||
| Fixed Effects | ||||||||
| Parents’ perceived control | .18*** | (.04) | .11* | (.05) | −.04 | (.03) | −.00 | (.03) |
| Social support | .03 | (.04) | .04 | (.04) | .07* | (.04) | −.07 | (.03) |
| T1 parenting | .44*** | (.02) | .47*** | (.03) | .75*** | (.03) | .69*** | (.02) |
| Youth gender | −.07 | (.05) | −.07* | (.06) | −.09 | (.05) | −.01 | (.04) |
| Parent education | .02 | (.01) | −.02 | (.01) | −.00 | (.01) | .01 | (.01) |
| Dual bio parent | .02 | (.05) | .10 | (.07) | .07 | (.06) | .06 | (.04) |
| Condition | −.00 | (.05) | .07 | (.06) | −.01 | (.05) | −.08* | (.04) |
| Parent gender | .00 | (.03) | −.08* | (.04) | −.12* | (.03) | −.00 | (.02) |
| Perceived control x parent gender | .01 | (.07) | −.02 | (.08) | .07 | (.07) | .03 | (.06) |
| Social support x parent gender | .08 | (.07) | .16* | (.08) | −.02 | (.07) | .00 | (.06) |
| Random effects | ||||||||
| Intercept | .19*** | (.02) | .34*** | (.04) | .22*** | (.02) | .11*** | (.01) |
| Residual | .26*** | (.02) | .34*** | (.02) | .26 *** | (.02) | .18 *** | (.01) |
*
p < .05,
**
p < .01,
***
p < .001