Table 2. Characteristics of 10 countries in study sample, 2007–2015.
Country | Year of SPA | No. of facilities surveyed |
GDP per capita (US$)a | THE per capita (US$)a | OOPE (% of THE)a | ERFH (% of THE)a | Life expectancy at birth (years)a | Area (km2)b | Mean SRI (%)c |
|||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | HC/C | Hospitals | HC/C | Hospitals | ||||||||
Bangladeshd | 2014 | 1548d | 1381 | 167 | 1087 | 31 | 67 | 12 | 71.2 | 130 000 | 41 | 74 |
Haitie | 2013 | 905e | 784 | 121 | 810 | 65 | 32 | 31 | 62.4 | 28 000 | 52 | 73 |
Kenyaf | 2010 | 695 | 443 | 252 | 992 | 39 | 50 | 35 | 58.7 | 569 000 | 55 | 78 |
Malawie | 2013 | 977e | 861 | 116 | 341 | 26 | 11 | 69 | 61.5 | 94 000 | 55 | 80 |
Namibiae | 2009 | 411e | 366 | 45 | 4124 | 332 | 9 | 12 | 61.4 | 823 000 | 68 | 82 |
Nepalf | 2015 | 963 | 716 | 247 | 744 | 40 | 48 | 13 | 70.0 | 143 000 | 44 | 76 |
Rwandag | 2007 | 538e | 496 | 42 | 398 | 34 | 25 | 52 | 57.9 | 25 000 | 59 | 79 |
Senegalf,h | 2012−2014 | 727d | 657 | 70 | 1051 | 47 | 39 | 27 | 66.4 | 193 000 | 60 | 69 |
Ugandaf | 2007 | 491 | 372 | 119 | 410 | 48 | 42 | 22 | 53.7 | 201 000 | 41 | 76 |
United Republic of Tanzaniaf | 2015 | 1188 | 932 | 256 | 865 | 52 | 23 | 36 | 65.5 | 886 000 | 48 | 82 |
Full sample | 8443 | 7008 | 1435 | 52 | 77 |
ERFH: external resources for health; GDP: gross domestic product; HC/C: health centres/clinics; OOPE: out-of-pocket expenditure; SPA: service provision assessment; THE: total health expenditure; US$: United States dollars.
a For closest year available to year of service provision assessment.
b To the closest 1000 km2.
c The corresponding intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.29 for health centres/clinics and 0.09 for hospitals. The mean service-readiness-index values recorded for all facilities, health centres/clinics and hospitals were 54% (standard deviation, SD:17), 77% (SD:12) and 52% (SD:16), respectively.
d Data came from sample considered representative of the country’s health system, excluding small private facilities.
e Sample is a census of health facilities
f Data came from sample considered representative of the country’s health system.
g Data came from a census of public facilities and of private facilities with at least 5 staff plus a sample of small private facilities
h Sample collected over 2 waves representing the first 2 years of a continuous 5-year assessment
Data sources: World Bank Global Development indicators,26 World Health Organization Global Health Observatory27 and authors’ analysis of data from service provision assessments.