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. 2017 Nov 8;7:15057. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14871-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Estimation of energy available, risk of deterrence by ‘rangers’, and baboon activity levels in a human-changed landscape. (A) Study location in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa; (B) Raiding chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) in the study area; (C) Satellite image of the study area at the edge of Cape Town’s suburbs; (D) The energy available from potential food items, presented as the mean kcal/bite, per 150 m² cell, ranging from light yellow for low energy (minimum = 0), to dark brown which is high energy (maximum = 22.6); (E) The risk of baboons being deterred by ‘rangers’ ranging from likely deterrence (red, score 22) to passive monitoring (green, score 0). (F) Activity of baboons represented as mean VeDBA (the Vectorial Dynamic Body Acceleration, in g) within 10 m² cells. (G) The distribution density plot of the mean VeDBA score (in g) associated with GPS fixes (n = 6,273) coloured by habitats (fynbos in red, trees in green, meadows in blue, vineyards in orange and urban in purple). Note that for C–F the 95%, 90%, and 70% contour of the baboon troops’ home range is presented from light to dark grey respectively. Maps were created using ArcScene 10.4.1 (http://desktop.arcgis.com).