Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2017 Nov 8;7:15102. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14531-5

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Compilation of individual bubble bursting simulations. (a) In contrast to previous numerical studies (red squares and blue circles), we find that all bubbles produce an overall maximum level of EDR exceeding the generally accepted lethal threshold for CHO cells (hatched region) and that this maximum depends on the level of mesh refinement. (b) The spatial maximum of the EDR varies with time t and reaches a temporal maximum at t ≈ 369 μs for the R = 385 μm air bubble cases circled in part (a). (c) The time at which the maximum EDR is reached, capillary waves have converged at the base of the bubble to create a region of high-curvature that pinches off to form a small bubble. (d) The local features and corresponding EDR_max depend on the level of mesh refinement, as might be expected from the singular dynamics associated with these capillary waves.