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. 2017 Nov 8;7:15102. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14531-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Maximum EDR experienced by a particle over the duration of the bubble rupture based on its initial position. We see that the region immediately adjacent to the bubble experiences EDR levels in excess of 10⁸ W m⁻³. The region of high EDR values extends further into the surroundings near the bottom of the bubble, demonstrating the influence of the downward jet. In contrast to the previous method of extracting a single maximum EDR value, increasing the mesh resolution by 4× does not alter the results.