Table 3.
The reported complication types of MISS in adult scoliosis
| Author | Systemic complications | Generalized complications | Implant-associated complications | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Motor or sensory deficits | Urinary system | Digestive system | Respiratory system | CNS | CVS | |||
| Akbarnia et al.[41] | 3 abdominal weakness 3 quadriceps weakness 9 thigh numbness 8 thigh pain |
– | – | 1 pleural effusion | – | – | – | 1 cage dislodgment |
| Anand et al.[30] | 17 thigh dysesthesias 2 quadriceps palsy |
1 renal hematoma | 1 ileus | – | 1 cerebellar hemorrhage | – | – | 1 screw prominent 1 screw fracture |
| Tormenti et al.[35] | 2 motor radiculopathy 6 thigh paresthesias or dysesthesias |
– | 1 bowel injury 1 ileus | 2 pleural effusion | 1 incidental durotomy 1 meningitis |
1 PE | 1 wound infection 1 intraoperative hemodynamic instability |
– |
| Wang and Mummaneni[37] | 7 thigh numbness, pain, dysesthesias | – | – | 2 pneumothorax | 1 CSF leakage | 1 AF | – | 1 screw pullout |
| Dakwar et al.[16] | 3 thigh numbness | – | – | – | – | – | 1 rhabdomyolysis 1 subsidence |
1 implant failure |
| Isaacs et al.[38] | 29 lower extremity weakness | 1 kidney laceration | 4 ileus 1 GI bleed | 1 pleural effusion 1 pneumonia 1 pulmonary hypertension |
– | 1 DVT 3 AF 1 CHF 1 MI |
1 postanesthesia delirium 1 hyponatremia 3 wound infection |
– |
| Anand et al.[39] | 4 radiculopathy | – | – | – | 1 idiopathic cerebellar hemorrhage | – | 2 wound dehiscence 1 wound infection 1 osteomyelitis 1 discitis 1 proximal junctional kyphosis |
4 pseudarthrosis 1 screw prominence |
| Phillips et al.[43] | 36 lower extremity weakness | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 hardware revision 14 pseudarthrosis 46 supplemental fixation |
| Deukmedjian et al.[44] | 2 thigh numbness 1 groin pain |
– | – | – | – | – | 1 wound infection | – |
| Caputo et al.[45] | – | – | 1 lateral incisional hernia | – | – | 1 AF | 2 wound breakdown 1 pedicle fracture 2 rupture of the anterior longitudinal ligament |
1 nonunion requiring revision |
| Anand et al.[46] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 hardware revision 7 pseudarthroses |
| Castro et al.[48] | 2 radiculopathy | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10 cage subsidence 1 cage micromotion |
| Anand et al.[49] | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 superficial wound dehiscence | 5 pseudarthroses |
| Khajavi and Shen[50] | 1 foot drop 5 hip flexion weakness 3 thigh or groin discomfort |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Anand et al.[52] | 3 radiculopathy 3 quadriceps palsy 1 foot drop |
1 renal capsular hematoma 1 ureteropelvic junction injury | – | – | 1 idiopathic cerebellar hemorrhage | – | 2 superficial wound dehiscence | 3 misplaced hardware 2 proximal junction kyphosis 6 pseudarthrosis |
CNS: Central nervous system; GI: Gastrointestinal; CVS: Cardiovascular system; CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid; PE: Pulmonary embolism; DVT: Deep venous thrombosis; AF: Atrial fibrillation; CHF: Congestive heart failure; MI: Myocardial infarction; –: Not reported.