Table 4.
Tier 1 and 2 Outcome CDEs: Percent of Full Sample (n = 586) Completed, Percent Considered Clinically Impaired at 6 Months Compared with Base Rates and Sample Means (SDs)
| CDE | Cut score | Valid n (% Complete) | % Clinical | Base rate | M (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tier 1: Core measures | |||||
| CVLT-II | 296 (50.5%) | ||||
| CVLT Trials 1–5 (T) | ≤ 37 | 13.5% | 9.0% | 50.67 (12.42) | |
| CVLT Short Delay Cued Recall (z) | ≤ −1.33 | 14.5% | 9.0% | −0.08 (1.14) | |
| CVLT Short Delay Free Recall (z) | ≤ −1.33 | 14.5% | 9.0% | −0.02 (1.16) | |
| CVLT Long Delay Cued Recall (z) | ≤ −1.33 | 16.9% | 9.0% | −0.19 (1.17) | |
| CVLT Long Delay Free Recall (z) | ≤ −1.33 | 17.6% | 9.0% | −0.07 (1.18) | |
| CVLT Recognition Discrim. (z) | ≤ −1.33 | 11.1% | 9.0% | 0.08 (1.05) | |
| WAIS-IV | 305 (59.7%) | ||||
| Processing Speed Index | ≤ 79 | 10.2% | 9.0% | 99.20 (15.96) | |
| Trail Making Test | 272 (46.4%) | ||||
| Part A (T) | ≤ 37 | 27.6% | 9.0% | 45.32 (13.62) | |
| Part B (T) | ≤ 37 | 26.1% | 9.0% | 44.71 (12.47) | |
| BSI-18 | 339 (57.8%) | ||||
| Global Severity (T) | ≥ 63 | 16.0% | 9.0% | 54.67 (11.41) | |
| Anxiety (T) | ≥ 63 | 13.1% | 9.0% | 52.74 (11.45) | |
| Depression (T) | ≥ 63 | 13.1% | 9.0% | 53.24 (11.23) | |
| Somatization (T) | ≥ 63 | 16.9% | 9.0% | 56.00 (10.73) | |
| RPQ | 340 (58.0%) | ||||
| RPQ-3 | NA | – | – | 1.83 (2.58) | |
| RPQ-13 | NA | – | – | 11.52 (12.29) | |
| Individual symptoms | |||||
| Headache | ≥ 2 | 30.9% | 23.5%a | 0.81 (1.26) | |
| Dizziness | ≥ 2 | 28.5% | 11.8%a | 0.69 (1.15) | |
| Nausea | ≥ 2 | 12.6% | 4.7%a | 0.33 (0.90) | |
| Noise sensitivity | ≥ 2 | 27.6% | 2.4%a | 0.74 (1.25) | |
| Sleep disturbances | ≥ 2 | 22.9% | 27.1%a | 1.13 (1.49) | |
| Fatigue | ≥ 2 | 26.1% | 16.5%a | 1.19 (1.40) | |
| Irritability/anger | ≥ 2 | 37.9% | 15.3%a | 1.02 (1.40) | |
| Depression/tearfulness | ≥ 2 | 17.2% | 11.8%a | 0.76 (1.24) | |
| Frustration/impatience | ≥ 2 | 37.9% | 14.1%a | 1.02 (1.39) | |
| Forgetfulness/poor memory | ≥ 2 | 47.4% | 35.3%a | 1.28 (1.44) | |
| Poor concentration | ≥ 2 | 23.7% | 31.8%a | 1.07 (1.36) | |
| Taking longer to think | ≥ 2 | 42.4% | 24.7%a | 1.15 (1.43) | |
| Blurred vision | ≥ 2 | 21.2% | 14.1%a | 0.60 (1.23) | |
| Light sensitivity | ≥ 2 | 20.6% | 11.8%a | 0.56 (1.15) | |
| Double vision | ≥ 2 | 9.4% | 3.6%a | 0.26 (0.85) | |
| Restlessness | ≥ 2 | 26.8% | 8.3%a | 0.74 (1.28) | |
| SWLS | 337 (57.5%) | ||||
| Total Score cutoff | ≤ 19 | 41.5% | 20.0%b | 21.47 (7.83) | |
| Z score cutoff vs. norms | ≤ −1.33 | 23.1% | 9.0%c | 23.96 (6.33) | |
| CHART-SF | 332 (56.7%) | ||||
| Social Integration | NA | – | – | 91.01 (19.08) | |
| Tier 2: Supplemental measures | |||||
| PCL-C | 338 (57.7%) | ||||
| Total Score cutoff | ≥ 36 | 51.2% | 19.7%d | 32.98 (14.80) | |
| Symptom Cluster Method | NAe | 24.0%e | 14.2%f | – | |
RPQ item-level base rates reflect percent of normal sample reporting presence of symptoms on RPQ rating categories ≥ 2.74
Base rate of life dissatisfaction for adult, community-based samples per Isoaho.101
SWLS normative M = 23.96 (SD = 6.33) represents the average SWLS score reported across seven normal/healthy adult samples.62,75–79
A review of eight studies102–109 that used the PCL-C (M = 34.58; average cut score 36.29) on primary care, non-TBI samples indicated that the average base rate of PTSD is 19.7%. This estimate falls within the reported range of PTSD prevalence for TBI groups of 16–39%.110
Calculated according to DSM-IV criteria of at least one of five re-experiencing symptoms, three of seven avoidance symptoms, and two of five increased arousal symptoms.72
A review of five studies106,108,111–113 that evaluated prevalence of PTSD in community and primary care samples using the PCL (M = 33.79) indicated that the base rate of PTSD when using the SCM method is 14.2%. This falls below the reported range of prevalence (16–39%) for TBI samples.110
BSI-18, Brief Symptom Inventory (18 item); CDE, common data element; CHART, Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique Short Form; CVLT-II, California Verbal Learning Test–Second Edition; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition; PCL-C, Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian Version; M, mean; RPQ, Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire; SD, standard deviation; SWLS, Satisfaction With Life Scale; TMT, Trail Making Test; WAIS-IV, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition.