Table 4.
Factors associated with testing for cervical cancer.
| |
Bivariate |
Multivariate |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | PR (95% CI) | p | PR (95% CI) | p |
| Distance to health facility (km) | ||||
| 0–4 | Ref | |||
| ≥ 5 | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | 0.041 | 1.028 (0.85–1.24) | 0.770 |
| Duration on ART (years) | ||||
| Not on ART | Ref | |||
| < 1 | 0.78 (0.578–1.060) | 0.114 | 0.82 (0.23–2.89) | 0.752 |
| < 2 | 0.99 (0.74–1.32) | 0.937 | 1.16 (0.35–3.86) | 0.808 |
| ≥ 2 | 1.43 (1.11–1.83) | 0.005 | 1.31 (0.41–4.23) | 0.652 |
| ART | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.29 (0.97–1.70) | 0.080 | Not included | |
| Disclosed HIV status to partner | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.36 (1.20–1.57) | < 0.001 | 0.93 (0.67–1.29) | 0.664 |
| No. of biological children | ||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1 | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | 0.874 | 0.52 (0.32–0.85) | 0.009 |
| 2 | 1.26 (1.10–1.43) | 0.001 | 0.68 (0.45–1.01) | 0.056 |
| 3 | 1.34 (1.18–1.53) | < 0.001 | 0.67 (0.444–1.01) | 0.053 |
| ≥ 4 | 1.26 (1.09–1.38) | 0.001 | 0.71 (0.48–1.05) | 0.084 |
| Visited ANC at least once | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 1.063 (0.91–1.24) | 0.446 | Not included | |
| ANC visits | ||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1–3 | 0.98 (0.80–1.19) | 0.814 | 1.29 (0.20–8.10) | 0.789 |
| ≥ 4 | 1.26 (1.05–1.50) | 0.014 | 1.78 (0.29–11.10) | 0.538 |
| Place of delivery (among those who have ever delivered) | ||||
| Elsewhere | Ref | Ref | ||
| Health facility | 1.81 (1.32–2.47) | < 0.001 | 1.489 (0.903–2.456) | 0.119 |
| Currently married | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.13 (1.04–2.23) | < 0.001 | 1.22 (0.94–1.57) | 0.131 |
| Education | ||||
| None | Ref | Ref | ||
| Primary | 1.18 (1.03–1.37) | 0.021 | 0.959 (0.701–1.313) | 0.795 |
| Secondary | 1.53 (1.32–1.78) | < 0.001 | 1.022 (0.714–1.462) | 0.906 |
| Above secondary | 1.92 (1.55–2.39) | < 0.001 | 0.838 (0.448–1.565) | 0.578 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Lowest | Ref | Ref | ||
| Second | 1.17 (1.02–1.35) | 0.028 | 1.12 (0.851–1.46) | 0.429 |
| Middle | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 0.222 | 0.92 (0.677–1.25) | 0.590 |
| Fourth | 1.32 (1.16–1.52) | < 0.001 | 0.82 (0.595–1.13) | 0.231 |
| Highest | 1.46 (1.282–1.67) | < 0.001 | 1.12 (0.800–1.57) | 0.508 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 15–19 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 20–24 | 1.74 (0.94–3.20) | 0.077 | 3.44 (0.56–21.27) | 0.183 |
| 25–29 | 2.75 (1.51–4.99) | 0.001 | 4.73 (0.76–29.18) | 0.094 |
| 30–34 | 3.32 (1.83–6.01) | < 0.001 | 3.72 (0.60–23.01) | 0.158 |
| 35–39 | 3.75 (2.07–6.79) | < 0.001 | 4.69 (0.76–28.98) | 0.096 |
| ≥ 40 | 3.65 (2.01–6.61) | < 0.001 | 4.67 (0.73–29.75) | 0.103 |
| Religion | ||||
| Catholic | Ref | |||
| Anglican/Protestant | 1.02 (0.926–1.13) | 0.68 | ||
| Muslim | 0.88 (0.761–1.01) | 0.07 | Not included | |
| Protestant/Born Again | 1.09 (0.956–1.23) | 0.20 | ||
| Other | 0.765 (0.535–1.092) | 0.140 | ||
| Region | ||||
| Northern | Ref | Ref | ||
| Kampala | 1.20 (1.07–1.35) | 0.002 | 1.07 (0.757–1.52) | 0.695 |
| Central | 0.57 (0.49–0.67) | 0.000 | 0.88 (0.596–1.30) | 0.517 |
| Eastern | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 0.410 | 0.88 (0.664–1.16) | 0.360 |
| Western | 0.82 (0.72–0.94) | 0.005 | 0.84 (0.621–1.13) | 0.250 |
| Health facility level | ||||
| Hospital | Ref | Ref | ||
| HCIV | 1.04 (0.932–1.17) | 0.465 | 1.10 (0.85–1.41) | 0.481 |
| HCIII | 1.03 (0.921–1.15) | 0.600 | 1.16 (0.90–1.50) | 0.254 |
| HCII | 1.70 (1.49–1.93) | 0.000 | 1.89 (1.29–2.76) | 0.001 |
| Private health unit | 1.709 (1.38–2.11) | 0.000 | 1.93 (1.162–3.21) | 0.011 |
| Other | 1.389 (0.85–2.27) | 0.191 | 1.68 (1.09–2.87) | 0.035 |
| Had postnatal check-up | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 1.36 (1.08–1.73) | 0.009 | 1.13 (0.9–1.41) | 0.300 |
| Knowledge of cervical cancer screening | ||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 3.10 (2.83–3.39) | < 0.001 | 2.19 (1.77–2.70) | < 0.001 |
| Know any place where cervical cancer screening is done | ||||
| No | Ref | |||
| Yes | 11.51 (8.47–15.65) | < 0.001 | 6.47 (3.69–11.36) | < 0.001 |
| Likelihood of getting cervical cancer | ||||
| High | Ref | |||
| Low | 1.21 (1.08–1.35) | 0.001 | 1.52 (1.14–2.03) | 0.004 |
| Medium | 0.919 (0.81–1.04) | 0.189 | 1.19 (0.87–1.62) | 0.270 |
| DK | 0.465 (0.40–0.55) | < 0.001 | 0.97 (0.67–1.39) | 0.861 |
PR, prevalence ratio; CI, confidence interval; ART, antiretroviral therapy; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ANC, antenatal care; HC, health center; DK, don’t know.