Table 3.
Risk of stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke in relation to NSAID use among patients with renal dialysis, based on different lengths for case and control periods
| Case period 1-15 days Control period 31-45 days |
Case period 1-30 days Control period 61-90 days |
Case period 1-30 days Control period 91-120 days |
Case period 1-30 days Control period 121-150 days |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COR (95% CI) | AORa (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Stroke | ||||||||
| NSAIDs overall | 1.65 (1.28–2.11)b | 1.36 (1.04–1.78) | 1.63 (1.29–2.05) | 1.37 (1.07–1.75) | 1.57 (1.25–1.97) | 1.31 (1.03–1.66) | 1.77 (1.42–2.20) | 1.52 (1.20–1.91) |
| Selective | 0.94 (0.46–1.90) | 0.83 (0.40–1.72) | 1.37 (0.76–2.47) | 1.18 (0.64–2.18) | 1.26 (0.73–2.18) | 1.18 (0.67–2.09) | 1.26 (0.76–2.09) | 1.19 (0.70–2.02) |
| Nonselective | 1.70 (1.31–2.19) | 1.39 (1.06–1.84) | 1.65 (1.30–2.08) | 1.37 (1.07–1.76) | 1.53 (1.22–1.91) | 1.27 (1.00–1.61) | 1.79 (1.44–2.24) | 1.52 (1.20–1.92) |
| Salicylates | 1.34 (0.93–1.93) | 1.18 (0.79–1.76) | 1.50 (1.04–2.16) | 1.39 (0.95–2.05) | 1.24 (0.89–1.74) | 1.11 (0.78–1.59) | 1.32 (0.95–1.83) | 1.18 (0.83–1.68) |
| Propionic acid | 2.00 (1.08–3.72) | 1.51 (0.79–2.87) | 1.59 (0.93–2.71) | 1.32 (0.75–2.32) | 2.50 (1.40–4.46) | 2.14 (1.16–3.95) | 1.72 (1.05–2.82) | 1.27 (0.76–2.15) |
| Acetic acid | 2.20 (1.51–3.20) | 1.74 (1.18–2.57) | 1.58 (1.18–2.13) | 1.25 (0.92–1.71) | 1.49 (1.13–1.98) | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 1.65 (1.25–2.18) | 1.29 (0.96–1.73) |
| Enolic acid | 1.15 (0.63–2.09) | 1.00 (0.54–1.86) | 1.71 (1.03–2.83) | 1.44 (0.85–2.43) | 1.46 (0.91–2.37) | 1.33 (0.80–2.20) | 1.74 (1.04–2.90) | 1.61 (0.94–2.76) |
| Anthranilic acid | 1.14 (0.64–2.02) | 0.90 (0.49–1.64) | 1.30 (0.81–2.09) | 0.92 (0.56–1.53) | 2.33 (1.34–4.05) | 1.94 (1.08–3.49) | 2.56 (1.44–4.57) | 2.26 (1.23–4.13) |
| Oral | 1.49 (1.15–1.92) | 1.22 (0.93–1.60) | 1.46 (1.15–1.84) | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) | 1.47 (1.17–1.85) | 1.23 (0.96–1.56) | 1.65 (1.32–2.06) | 1.41 (1.11–1.79) |
| Parenteral | 3.69 (2.00–6.81) | 2.79 (1.48–5.26) | 2.76 (1.68–4.55) | 2.22 (1.32–3.74) | 2.29 (1.47–3.56) | 1.94 (1.22–3.06) | 2.65 (1.69–4.17) | 2.28 (1.42–3.67) |
| Ischemic stroke | ||||||||
| NSAIDs overall | 1.93 (1.45–2.57) | 1.52 (1.11–2.08) | 1.71 (1.31–2.23) | 1.40 (1.06–1.86) | 1.66 (1.28–2.15) | 1.34 (1.02–1.77) | 1.79 (1.39–2.30) | 1.52 (1.16–1.98) |
| Selective | 1.17 (0.54–2.52) | 0.97 (0.43–2.19) | 1.53 (0.80–2.94) | 1.29 (0.66–2.53) | 1.20 (0.66–2.17) | 1.10 (0.59–2.07) | 1.38 (0.79–2.42) | 1.27 (0.70–2.31) |
| Nonselective | 1.95 (1.45–2.63) | 1.52 (1.10–2.10) | 1.73 (1.32–2.26) | 1.41 (1.06–1.88) | 1.59 (1.24–2.06) | 1.28 (0.97–1.68) | 1.79 (1.39–2.30) | 1.49 (1.14–1.95) |
| Salicylates | 1.44 (0.95–2.16) | 1.16 (0.74–1.82) | 1.66 (1.11–2.48) | 1.50 (0.97–2.30) | 1.31 (0.91–1.89) | 1.15 (0.77–1.70) | 1.39 (0.97–2.00) | 1.25 (0.85–1.83) |
| Propionic acid | 3.71 (1.61–8.56) | 2.78 (1.17–6.63) | 2.07 (1.09–3.92) | 1.61 (0.82–3.15) | 2.91 (1.47–5.77) | 2.34 (1.14–4.82) | 1.89 (1.07–3.34) | 1.26 (0.69–2.31) |
| Acetic acid | 2.25 (1.48–3.41) | 1.69 (1.09–2.62) | 1.51 (1.09–2.10) | 1.19 (0.84–1.68) | 1.48 (1.08–2.04) | 1.13 (0.80–1.59) | 1.55 (1.13–2.11) | 1.21 (0.87–1.69) |
| Enolic acid | 1.50 (0.76–2.95) | 1.38 (0.68–2.81) | 2.12 (1.19–3.77) | 1.71 (0.94–3.12) | 1.57 (0.93–2.64) | 1.38 (0.79–2.41) | 1.80 (1.04–3.11) | 1.67 (0.94–2.98) |
| Anthranilic acid | 1.06 (0.54–2.10) | 0.77 (0.38–1.59) | 0.96 (0.56–1.67) | 0.67 (0.38–1.21) | 1.87 (1.00–3.50) | 1.58 (0.80–3.12) | 2.45 (1.22–4.95) | 2.40 (1.15–5.04) |
| Oral | 1.73 (1.29–2.32) | 1.37 (0.99–1.88) | 1.55 (1.18–2.02) | 1.29 (0.97–1.72) | 1.58 (1.22–2.05) | 1.29 (0.98–1.70) | 1.66 (1.29–2.15) | 1.41 (1.08–1.85) |
| Parenteral | 4.22 (2.04–8.73) | 3.01 (1.41–6.44) | 2.88 (1.63–5.08) | 2.19 (1.21–3.94) | 2.22 (1.36–3.63) | 1.86 (1.12–3.11) | 2.45 (1.49–4.03) | 2.17 (1.29–3.67) |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | ||||||||
| NSAIDs overall | 0.97 (0.57–1.62) | 0.89 (0.50–1.60) | 1.38 (0.86–2.23) | 1.15 (0.68–1.96) | 1.29 (0.81–2.06) | 1.15 (0.69–1.90) | 1.69 (1.07–2.67) | 1.55 (0.92–2.61) |
| Selective | 0.25 (0.03–2.24) | 0.14 (0.01–1.48) | 0.75 (0.17–3.35) | 0.66 (0.13–3.37) | 1.67 (0.40–6.97) | 1.55 (0.36–6.75) | 0.83 (0.25–2.73) | 0.67 (0.18–2.45) |
| Nonselective | 1.04 (0.61–1.78) | 1.01 (0.55–1.87) | 1.39 (0.86–2.26) | 1.16 (0.67–1.99) | 1.31 (0.81–2.13) | 1.18 (0.70–2.00) | 1.82 (1.13–2.90) | 1.72 (1.00–2.95) |
| Salicylates | 1.00 (0.43–2.31) | 0.97 (0.36–2.61) | 0.90 (0.37–2.22) | 0.87 (0.32–2.33) | 0.91 (0.39–2.14) | 0.85 (0.33–2.18) | 1.00 (0.45–2.23) | 0.97 (0.37–2.55) |
| Propionic acid | 0.50 (0.15–1.66) | 0.47 (0.14–1.62) | 0.75 (0.26–2.16) | 0.52 (0.15–1.84) | 1.60 (0.52–4.89) | 1.54 (0.43–5.48) | 1.29 (0.48–3.45) | 1.08 (0.35–3.31) |
| Acetic acid | 2.00 (0.86–4.67) | 1.91 (0.75–4.88) | 1.92 (0.98–3.76) | 1.49 (0.73–3.07) | 1.53 (0.83–2.82) | 1.27 (0.66–2.45) | 2.14 (1.14–4.04) | 1.99 (0.96–4.09) |
| Enolic acid | 0.33 (0.07–1.65) | 0.26 (0.07–1.37) | 0.71 (0.23–2.25) | 0.59 (0.18–1.97) | 1.00 (0.29–3.45) | 1.00 (0.28–3.65) | 1.33 (0.30–5.96) | 1.39 (0.28–6.80) |
| Anthranilic acid | 1.33 (0.46–3.84) | 1.57 (0.49–5.07) | 3.50 (1.15–10.63) | 3.57 (0.93–13.66) | 4.67 (1.34–16.24) | 6.44 (1.38–29.98) | 2.80 (1.01–7.77) | 2.59 (0.84–7.93) |
| Oral | 0.85 (0.50–1.48) | 0.79 (0.43–1.45) | 1.20 (0.74–1.95) | 1.00 (0.58–1.72) | 1.13 (0.69–1.85) | 1.04 (0.61–1.77) | 1.59 (0.98–2.58) | 1.43 (0.84–2.44) |
| Parenteral | 2.50 (0.78–7.96) | 2.28 (0.67–7.69) | 2.40 (0.85–6.81) | 2.08 (0.63–6.85) | 2.60 (0.93–7.29) | 1.97 (0.66–5.88) | 3.75 (1.25–11.30) | 3.46 (0.98–12.24) |
AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
a
Covariates adjusted in the conditional logistic regression models include antihypertensives (β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and loop diuretics), antidiabetic agents (insulin, sulfonylurea, thiazolidinediones, and glinides), statins, and anticoagulants (except for aspirin), and number of outpatient visits.
b
P < 0.05 is in bold.