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. 2017 Jan 17;2(3):400–409. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2017.01.004

Table 3.

Risk of stroke, ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke in relation to NSAID use among patients with renal dialysis, based on different lengths for case and control periods

Case period 1-15 days
Control period 31-45 days
Case period 1-30 days
Control period 61-90 days
Case period 1-30 days
Control period 91-120 days
Case period 1-30 days
Control period 121-150 days
COR (95% CI) AORa (95% CI) COR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) COR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) COR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI)
Stroke
NSAIDs overall 1.65 (1.28–2.11)b 1.36 (1.04–1.78) 1.63 (1.29–2.05) 1.37 (1.07–1.75) 1.57 (1.25–1.97) 1.31 (1.03–1.66) 1.77 (1.42–2.20) 1.52 (1.20–1.91)
 Selective 0.94 (0.46–1.90) 0.83 (0.40–1.72) 1.37 (0.76–2.47) 1.18 (0.64–2.18) 1.26 (0.73–2.18) 1.18 (0.67–2.09) 1.26 (0.76–2.09) 1.19 (0.70–2.02)
 Nonselective 1.70 (1.31–2.19) 1.39 (1.06–1.84) 1.65 (1.30–2.08) 1.37 (1.07–1.76) 1.53 (1.22–1.91) 1.27 (1.00–1.61) 1.79 (1.44–2.24) 1.52 (1.20–1.92)
 Salicylates 1.34 (0.93–1.93) 1.18 (0.79–1.76) 1.50 (1.04–2.16) 1.39 (0.95–2.05) 1.24 (0.89–1.74) 1.11 (0.78–1.59) 1.32 (0.95–1.83) 1.18 (0.83–1.68)
 Propionic acid 2.00 (1.08–3.72) 1.51 (0.79–2.87) 1.59 (0.93–2.71) 1.32 (0.75–2.32) 2.50 (1.40–4.46) 2.14 (1.16–3.95) 1.72 (1.05–2.82) 1.27 (0.76–2.15)
 Acetic acid 2.20 (1.51–3.20) 1.74 (1.18–2.57) 1.58 (1.18–2.13) 1.25 (0.92–1.71) 1.49 (1.13–1.98) 1.16 (0.86–1.57) 1.65 (1.25–2.18) 1.29 (0.96–1.73)
 Enolic acid 1.15 (0.63–2.09) 1.00 (0.54–1.86) 1.71 (1.03–2.83) 1.44 (0.85–2.43) 1.46 (0.91–2.37) 1.33 (0.80–2.20) 1.74 (1.04–2.90) 1.61 (0.94–2.76)
 Anthranilic acid 1.14 (0.64–2.02) 0.90 (0.49–1.64) 1.30 (0.81–2.09) 0.92 (0.56–1.53) 2.33 (1.34–4.05) 1.94 (1.08–3.49) 2.56 (1.44–4.57) 2.26 (1.23–4.13)
 Oral 1.49 (1.15–1.92) 1.22 (0.93–1.60) 1.46 (1.15–1.84) 1.23 (0.96–1.58) 1.47 (1.17–1.85) 1.23 (0.96–1.56) 1.65 (1.32–2.06) 1.41 (1.11–1.79)
 Parenteral 3.69 (2.00–6.81) 2.79 (1.48–5.26) 2.76 (1.68–4.55) 2.22 (1.32–3.74) 2.29 (1.47–3.56) 1.94 (1.22–3.06) 2.65 (1.69–4.17) 2.28 (1.42–3.67)
Ischemic stroke
NSAIDs overall 1.93 (1.45–2.57) 1.52 (1.11–2.08) 1.71 (1.31–2.23) 1.40 (1.06–1.86) 1.66 (1.28–2.15) 1.34 (1.02–1.77) 1.79 (1.39–2.30) 1.52 (1.16–1.98)
 Selective 1.17 (0.54–2.52) 0.97 (0.43–2.19) 1.53 (0.80–2.94) 1.29 (0.66–2.53) 1.20 (0.66–2.17) 1.10 (0.59–2.07) 1.38 (0.79–2.42) 1.27 (0.70–2.31)
 Nonselective 1.95 (1.45–2.63) 1.52 (1.10–2.10) 1.73 (1.32–2.26) 1.41 (1.06–1.88) 1.59 (1.24–2.06) 1.28 (0.97–1.68) 1.79 (1.39–2.30) 1.49 (1.14–1.95)
 Salicylates 1.44 (0.95–2.16) 1.16 (0.74–1.82) 1.66 (1.11–2.48) 1.50 (0.97–2.30) 1.31 (0.91–1.89) 1.15 (0.77–1.70) 1.39 (0.97–2.00) 1.25 (0.85–1.83)
 Propionic acid 3.71 (1.61–8.56) 2.78 (1.17–6.63) 2.07 (1.09–3.92) 1.61 (0.82–3.15) 2.91 (1.47–5.77) 2.34 (1.14–4.82) 1.89 (1.07–3.34) 1.26 (0.69–2.31)
 Acetic acid 2.25 (1.48–3.41) 1.69 (1.09–2.62) 1.51 (1.09–2.10) 1.19 (0.84–1.68) 1.48 (1.08–2.04) 1.13 (0.80–1.59) 1.55 (1.13–2.11) 1.21 (0.87–1.69)
 Enolic acid 1.50 (0.76–2.95) 1.38 (0.68–2.81) 2.12 (1.19–3.77) 1.71 (0.94–3.12) 1.57 (0.93–2.64) 1.38 (0.79–2.41) 1.80 (1.04–3.11) 1.67 (0.94–2.98)
 Anthranilic acid 1.06 (0.54–2.10) 0.77 (0.38–1.59) 0.96 (0.56–1.67) 0.67 (0.38–1.21) 1.87 (1.00–3.50) 1.58 (0.80–3.12) 2.45 (1.22–4.95) 2.40 (1.15–5.04)
 Oral 1.73 (1.29–2.32) 1.37 (0.99–1.88) 1.55 (1.18–2.02) 1.29 (0.97–1.72) 1.58 (1.22–2.05) 1.29 (0.98–1.70) 1.66 (1.29–2.15) 1.41 (1.08–1.85)
 Parenteral 4.22 (2.04–8.73) 3.01 (1.41–6.44) 2.88 (1.63–5.08) 2.19 (1.21–3.94) 2.22 (1.36–3.63) 1.86 (1.12–3.11) 2.45 (1.49–4.03) 2.17 (1.29–3.67)
Hemorrhagic stroke
NSAIDs overall 0.97 (0.57–1.62) 0.89 (0.50–1.60) 1.38 (0.86–2.23) 1.15 (0.68–1.96) 1.29 (0.81–2.06) 1.15 (0.69–1.90) 1.69 (1.07–2.67) 1.55 (0.92–2.61)
 Selective 0.25 (0.03–2.24) 0.14 (0.01–1.48) 0.75 (0.17–3.35) 0.66 (0.13–3.37) 1.67 (0.40–6.97) 1.55 (0.36–6.75) 0.83 (0.25–2.73) 0.67 (0.18–2.45)
 Nonselective 1.04 (0.61–1.78) 1.01 (0.55–1.87) 1.39 (0.86–2.26) 1.16 (0.67–1.99) 1.31 (0.81–2.13) 1.18 (0.70–2.00) 1.82 (1.13–2.90) 1.72 (1.00–2.95)
 Salicylates 1.00 (0.43–2.31) 0.97 (0.36–2.61) 0.90 (0.37–2.22) 0.87 (0.32–2.33) 0.91 (0.39–2.14) 0.85 (0.33–2.18) 1.00 (0.45–2.23) 0.97 (0.37–2.55)
 Propionic acid 0.50 (0.15–1.66) 0.47 (0.14–1.62) 0.75 (0.26–2.16) 0.52 (0.15–1.84) 1.60 (0.52–4.89) 1.54 (0.43–5.48) 1.29 (0.48–3.45) 1.08 (0.35–3.31)
 Acetic acid 2.00 (0.86–4.67) 1.91 (0.75–4.88) 1.92 (0.98–3.76) 1.49 (0.73–3.07) 1.53 (0.83–2.82) 1.27 (0.66–2.45) 2.14 (1.14–4.04) 1.99 (0.96–4.09)
 Enolic acid 0.33 (0.07–1.65) 0.26 (0.07–1.37) 0.71 (0.23–2.25) 0.59 (0.18–1.97) 1.00 (0.29–3.45) 1.00 (0.28–3.65) 1.33 (0.30–5.96) 1.39 (0.28–6.80)
 Anthranilic acid 1.33 (0.46–3.84) 1.57 (0.49–5.07) 3.50 (1.15–10.63) 3.57 (0.93–13.66) 4.67 (1.34–16.24) 6.44 (1.38–29.98) 2.80 (1.01–7.77) 2.59 (0.84–7.93)
 Oral 0.85 (0.50–1.48) 0.79 (0.43–1.45) 1.20 (0.74–1.95) 1.00 (0.58–1.72) 1.13 (0.69–1.85) 1.04 (0.61–1.77) 1.59 (0.98–2.58) 1.43 (0.84–2.44)
 Parenteral 2.50 (0.78–7.96) 2.28 (0.67–7.69) 2.40 (0.85–6.81) 2.08 (0.63–6.85) 2.60 (0.93–7.29) 1.97 (0.66–5.88) 3.75 (1.25–11.30) 3.46 (0.98–12.24)

AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, crude odds ratio; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

a

Covariates adjusted in the conditional logistic regression models include antihypertensives (β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and loop diuretics), antidiabetic agents (insulin, sulfonylurea, thiazolidinediones, and glinides), statins, and anticoagulants (except for aspirin), and number of outpatient visits.

b

P < 0.05 is in bold.