Table 3. Factors associated with Stiffness index at baseline, for all participants.
| Univariable | Multivariable | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95% CI | p-value | β | 95% CI | p-value | |
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Female | -0.5 | [-6.9; 5.9] | 0.88 | -10.8 | [-18.1; -3.5] | 0.004 |
| Age (per 10 years) | -5.3 | [-8.1; -2.5] | <0.001 | -8.7 | [-12.4; -5.1] | <0.001 |
| Cameroun a | 12.3 | [6.4; 18.2] | <0.001 | 12.8 | [6.5; 19.1] | <0.001 |
| Year of inclusion in METABODY (2011 vs 2012) | 5.3 | [-0.5; 11.2] | 0.07 | 4.0 | [-1.6; 9.7] | 0.16 |
| HIV related factors | ||||||
| WHO stage > 1 | -3.2 | [-12.9; 6.6] | 0.53 | |||
| WHO stage > 2 | -2.6 | [-8.3; 3.1] | 0.37 | |||
| Viral load (log/ml) | 0.2 | [-3.9; 4.3] | 0.91 | |||
| Baseline CD4 count < 200 cells/μl | 0.3 | [-5.4; 5.9] | 0.93 | |||
| EFV based first-line ART regimen | -4.4 | [-11.2; 2.4] | 0.20 | -3.4 | [-9.9; 3.2] | 0.31 |
| First-line ART duration (months) | 0.08 | 0.07 | ||||
| < 36 | Ref | Ref | ||||
| [36–72[ | 6.9 | [0.0; 13.7] | 7.5 | [0.8; 14.1] | ||
| ≥ 72 | 1.1 | [-6.9; 9.1] | 2.8 | [-5.1; 10.8] | ||
| Other factors | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1.1 | [0.5; 1.8] | <0.001 | 0.8 | [0.1; 1.5] | 0.03 |
| FRAX b > 0% | -9.3 | [-14.8; -3.7] | 0.001 | 1.7 | [-5.2; 8.6] | 0.63 |
| Regular physical activity c | -4.7 | [-10.7; 1.2] | 0.12 | 0.8 | [-5.5; 7.0] | 0.81 |
| Vitamin D (ng/ml) | -0.2 | [-0.4; 0.1] | 0.21 | -0.1 | [-0.3; 0.1] | 0.36 |
| Metabolic syndrome d | 3.5 | [-5.4; 12.4] | 0.44 | |||
| HOMAe | 0.4 | [-0.3; 1.0] | 0.23 | 0.3 | [-0.3; 0.9] | 0.30 |
| eGFRf < 60ml/min/1.173m2 | -9.8 | [-25.1; 5.5] | 0.21 | 4.0 | [-11.9; 19.9] | 0.62 |
| HBs-antigen positive | -1.1 | [-11.9; 9.6] | 0.84 | |||
WHO: World Health Organization; EFV: efavirenz; ART: antiretroviral treatment; BMI: body mass index (mass(kg)/height2(m)); HBs-antigen: Hepatitis B surface antigen.
a Cameroun (Cameroun vs Burkina Faso and Senegal)
b FRAX: 10-year probability of fracture (http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/)
c Regular physical activity: moderate physical activity every day or high physical activity twice a week
d Metabolic syndrome according to IDF definition (http://www.idf.org/metabolic-syndrome)
e HOMA: Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (insuline(mUI/l) x glycémie(mmol/l) /22.5)
f eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate (using Cockroft and Gault formula (male: 1.23 x weight (kg) x (140-age) / creatinine (μmol/l) and female: 1.04 x weight (kg) x (140-age) / creatinine (μmol/l))