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. 2017 Jul 21;1(6):477–493. doi: 10.1002/hep4.1062

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© 2017 The Authors. Hepatology Communications published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Summary of mouse knockout and lineage studies on candidate molecules in liver stem cells/cancer stem cells. Data were obtained from the Mouse Genome Informatics Database. Wnt/Axin: no liver phenotypes were observed, but 65 other phenotypes observed, including limb, kidney, and intestine. β‐catenin: 341 phenotypes were also observed, including bone and intestinal abnormalities. No liver phenotypes were observed. CD133: phenotypes observed included retinitis pigmentosa and retinal degeneration (137). EpCam: no liver abnormalities were observed, but small intestinal and trophoblast abnormalities were observed. Sox9: No liver phenotypes were observed, but 184 other phenotypes were observed, including bone, pancreas, and eye abnormalities. LGR5: 12 phenotypes were observed, including intestinal abnormalities, distended abdomen and neonatal death. In contrast, TGF‐β members display definitive foregut‐liver lineage and multiple liver cancer phenotypes. Smad4: 154 phenotypes were observed including ectoderm, mesoderm, no primitive foregut and multiple gastrointestinal cancers. Smad2/Smad3, β2SP: multiple liver and gastrointestinal abnormalities, and cancers were observed. (M = marker).