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. 2017 Jul 21;1(6):477–493. doi: 10.1002/hep4.1062

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© 2017 The Authors. Hepatology Communications published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Cancer stem cell models of HCC‐TGF‐β, IL‐6. (A) β2SP^+/−/Smad3^+/− mouse phenocopy of BWS compared with (B) wild‐type mouse. (C) Macroglossia and (D) abnormal anterior ear creases in β2SP^+/−/Smad3^+/− mice and BWS patients. (E) β2SP^+/−/Smad3^+/− mice spontaneously develop liver and gastrointestinal cancers by 12 months of age. (F) Schematic representation of chronic treatment with IL‐6–induced cancer stem cells in β2SP^+/− mice. (G) Orthotopic invasive tumor development after stem cell inoculation shown in panel F.