Table 2.

Summary of the effects of fasting and melanocortin (MC) receptor agonism on hormone and cytokine levels from the literature (Lit.) and the current study. Results from fasting and melanocortin (MC) agonism are from the literature with citations referenced directly to their right. A ? mark indicates conflicting results. Results from 5 nmol CJL-1-14 and CJL-1-87 treatments are summarized from the current study. In the current studies, the significance of treatment compared to saline treatment is indicated such that one arrow is p<0.05, two arrows is p<0.01, and three arrows is p<0.001.

Hormone	Fasting from Lit.	Fasting Citations	MC Agonism from Lit.	MC Agonism Citations	CJL-1-14 (Current Study)	CJL-1-87 (Current Study)
Insulin	↓	72, 94	↓	80–82	↔	↓↓↓
C-Peptide	↓	72, 83, 84, 94	↓	80–84	↓↓	↓↓↓
Leptin	↓	72, 94	↓	81, 82	↓↓	↓↓↓
GIP	↓	85, 95	↓	85	↓↓	↓↓↓
Ghrelin	↑	72, 96	? ↑	92	↔	↑↑↑
IL-6	↑	97	? ↓	88–91	↑↑↑	↑↑↑
Resistin	↓	72, 93	?	86, 87	↔	↓↓