TABLE 4. Task Volume and Percentage of Time for Each Task Category in the Observations With and Without Medication Related Events.

Task category	Task volume				Percentage of time
	With MREs		Without MREs		With MREs		Without MREs
	M	(SD)	M	(SD)	M	(SD)	M	(SD)
Medication task	16.64	(7.83)	14.95	(9.01)	11.77	(4.89)	10.42	(5.90)
Medication documentation/review	3.91*	(2.26)	3.19*	(1.90)	3.59	(2.74)	3.16	(2.00)
Prep/admin medications	2.76	(1.93)	2.53	(1.95)	2.69	(1.72)	2.38	(2.07)
IV fluid management	2.90	(2.18)	2.73	(2.87)	1.95	(1.60)	1.90	(2.00)
Obtain/confirm medications	1.82*	(1.32)	1.40*	(1.06)	1.79*	(2.16)	1.22*	(1.12)
Infusion pumps	3.36	(3.32)	3.09	(2.25)	1.20	(1.27)	1.08	(0.88)
IV/medications	1.88	(1.79)	2.02	(1.94)	0.54	(0.66)	0.68	(0.79)
Direct patient care task	46.72*	(14.30)	39.50*	(15.09)	27.45*	(7.84)	23.18*	(7.78)
Documentation/reading task	14.00*	(4.90)	13.44*	(4.90)	17.84	(6.12)	18.85	(6.90)
Administrative task	0.45	(0.57)	0.56	(0.92)	0.32	(0.60)	0.56	(1.11)
Observational task	12.31	(7.55)	12.44	(8.81)	5.03	(3.60)	5.51	(3.96)
Conversational task	42.19	(11.65)	38.33	(15.86)	28.46	(9.82)	31.28	(10.54)
Assistance task	0.76	(1.23)	0.40	(0.77)	0.43	(0.93)	0.23	(0.47)
Teaching/learning task	0.66	(1.17)	1.10	(1.91)	2.01	(4.46)	1.90	(3.34)
Housekeeping task	2.30	(1.66)	1.89	(1.34)	1.24	(1.29)	0.99	(1.09)
Transportation task	0.13	(0.32)	0.23	(0.55)	0.21	(0.68)	0.37	(1.22)
Personal task	0.70	(0.85)	1.02	(1.36)	1.14	(1.69)	2.64	(4.97)
Miscellaneous task	4.62	(2.54)	4.49	(2.70)	4.10	(3.00)	4.06	(3.30)

Note.

^*p < .05 (between the mean difference in either task volume or percentage of time of the task by the occurrence or nonoccurrence of MREs). The six rows under “Medication task” category provide detailed information for the individual tasks within that category.