Adjusted associations between continuous postnatal tooth Mn concentrations and VRAM measures. Results from generalized additive mixed models of VRAM measures of time (T), distance (D), working memory errors (WME), and reference memory errors (RME) as predicted by natural log transformed prenatal tooth manganese concentrations (smoothed; AUC 55Mn:43Ca). Models are adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, Ln transformed blood Pb, videogame use, trial and tooth attrition. Shaded region represents 95% confidence interval. (n=137); pGAMMs: T: p=0.09; D: p = 0.33; WME: p=0.88; RME: p=0.06. Tertiles correspond to the following In Mn concentrations: T1: −4.2 to −2.2; T2: −2.2 to −1.9; T3: −1.9 to −0.9 (AUC 55Mn:43 Ca).