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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Nov 9.
Published in final edited form as: Br J Nutr. 2017 Mar 27;117(5):686–697. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517000411

Table 5. Sex-specific interactions between genetic risk score (GRS) tertiles (GRSbase and GRSrisk) and dietary factors in their association with serum uric acid (SUA): mixed-effect regression models* (Regression coefficients (γ) with their standard errors of the estimate (SEE)).

SUA Men† Women†
n 343 n′ 583 n′ 423 n′ 758
γ SEE P γ SEE P
Added sugar
 Model 1.A
  Added sugar (γ01 for π0i) +0.013 0.016 0.41 +0.023 0.016 0.14
  GRSbase (γ09 for π0i) +0.093‡ 0.039 0.018‡ +0.126‡ 0.032 <0.001‡
  Added sugar × GRSbase (γ019 for π0i) −0.001 0.01 0.57 −0.002§ 0.001 0.098§
 Model 1.B
  Added sugar × Time (γ11 for π1i) −0.000 0.001 0.91 −00026§ 0.0014 007§
  GRSrate × Time (γ19 for π1i) +0.044‡ 0.019 0.018‡ −0019 0.016 0.24
  Added sugar × GRSrate × Time (γ119 for π1i) +0.001 0.001 0.31 +0.002 0.001 0.16
Alcohol
 Model 2.A
  Alcohol (γ02 for π0i) −0.004 0.011 0.73 −0.07 0.26 0.79
  GRSbase (γ09 for π0i) +0.073‡ 0.024 0.003‡ +0.077‡ 0.019 <0.001‡
  Alcohol × GRSbase (γ01 for π0i) +0.001 0.009 0.90 +0.016 0.019 0.41
 Model 2.B
  Alcohol × Time (γ12 for π1i) +0.004 0.011 0.73 −0.018 0.014 0.13
  GRSrate × Time (γ19 for π1i) +0.048‡ 0.019 0.010‡ +0.016 0.016 0.30
  Alcohol × GRSrate × Time (γ129 for π1i) −0.012 0.011 0.31 +0.001 0.011 0.90
Red meat
 Model 3.A
  Red meat (γ03 for π0i) +0.13‡ 0.06 0.026‡ +0.38‡ 0.13 0.003‡
  GRSbase (γ09 for π0i) +0.095‡ 0.025 <0.001‡ +0.118‡ 0.023 <0.001‡
  Red meat × GRSbase (γ039 for π0i) −0.010§ 0.06 0.09§ −0.026‡ 0.010 0.014‡
 Model 3.B
  Red meat × Time (γ13 for π1i) −0.001 0.008 0.86 −0.003 0.010 0.80
  GRSrate × Time (γ19 for π1i) +0.044‡ 0.018 0.014‡ +0.023 0.016 0.15
  Red meat × GRSrate × Time (γ139 for π1i) +0.001 0.007 0.93 +0.025‡‖ 0.010 0.012‡‖
Fish
 Model 4.A
  Fish (γ04 for π0i) −0.018 0.154 0.91 −0.002 0.087 0.98
  GRSbase (γ09 for π0i) +0.072‡ 0.024 0.003‡ +0.077‡ 0.020 <0.001‡
  Fish × GRSbase (γ149 for π0i) +0.003 0.014 0.82 +0.004 0.007 0.57
 Model 4.B
  Fish × Time (γ14 for π1i) −0.003 0.010 0.76 −0.006 0.007 0.39
  GRSrate × Time (γ19 for π1i) +0.048‡ 0.019 0.010‡ +0.017 0.016 0.29
  Fish × GRSrate × Time (γ149 for π1i) −0.006 0.008 0.46 +0.001 0.008 0.90
Legumes
 Model 5.A
  Legumes (γ05 for π0i) +2.146 2.315 0.35 +1.222 1.311 0.35
  GRSbase (γ09 for π0i) +0.082‡ 0.023 <0.001‡ +0.088‡ 0.019 <0.001‡
  Legumes × GRSbase (γ059 for π0i) −0.219 0.202 0.28 −0.102 0.083 0.22
 Model 5.B
  Legumes × Time (γ15 for π1i) −0.056 0.091 0.54 +0.258‡ 0.077 0.001‡
  GRSrate × Time (γ19 for π1i) +0.048‡ 0.019 0.013‡ +0.007 0.016 0.66
  Legumes × GRSrate × Time (γ159 for π1i) −0.073 0.153 0.63 +0.219§ 0.121§ 0.072§
Dairy products
 Model 6.A
  Dairy products (γ06 for π0i) −0.42 0.32 0.20 +0.314 0.290 0.28
  GRSbase (γ09 for π0i) +0.035 0.033 0.29 +0.093‡ 0.025 <0.001‡
  Dairy products × GRSbase (γ069 for π0i) +0.041 0.026 0.12 −0.015 0.026 0.55
 Model 6.B
  Dairy products × Time (γ19 for π1i) −0.054‡ 0.027 0.043‡ −0.053‡ 0.024 0.027‡
  GRSrate × Time (γ19 for π1i) +0.043‡ 0.018 0.018‡ +0.019 0.016 0.23
  Dairy products × GRSrate × Time (γ169 for π1i) +0.005 0.018 0.77 +0.014 0.019 0.45
Vitamin C
 Model 7.A
  Vitamin C (γ07 for π0i) −0.0121‡ 0.004 0.001‡ +0.002 0.003 0.51
  GRSbase (γ09 for π0i) +0.0134 0.031 0.66 +0.097‡ 0.0263 <0.001‡
  Vitamin C × GRSbase (γ079 for π0i) +0.001‡‖ 0.000 0.006‡‖ −0.0001 0.0002 0.47
 Model 7.B
  Vitamin C × Time (γ19 for π1i) +0.0002 0.0003 0.79 −0.0002 0.0003 0.58
  GRSrate × Time (γ19 for π1i) +0.043‡ 0.018 0.018‡ +0.017 0.016 0.26
  Vitamin C × GRSrate × Time (γ179 for π1i) −0.0005‡ 0.0002 0.026‡ +0.0003 0.0002 0.19
Caffeine
 Model 8.A
  Caffeine (γ08 for π0i) +0.002 0.002 0.51 +0.0048§ 0.028 0.083§
  GRSbase (γ09 for π0i) +0.089‡ 0.029 0.002‡ +0.111‡ 0.023 <0.001‡
  Caffeine × GRSbase γ089 for π0i) −0.0001 0.0002 0.46 −0.0004§ 0.0002 0.055§
 Model 8.B
  Caffeine × Time γ19 for π1i) +0.0001 0.0002 0.71 −0.0001 0.0002 0.48
  GRSrate × Time γ19 for π1i) +0.046‡ 0.019 0.013‡ +0.020 0.016 0.21
  Caffeine × GRSrate × Time γ189 for π1i) −0.0001 0.0002 0.79 +0.0003§ 0.0002 0.055§

n, number of participants in the analysis; n′, total number of visits included in the analysis; Agebase, baseline age at visit 1.

*

Random effects are not shown for simplicity.

†

Each of the models' intercepts and slopes were further adjusted for Agebase, marital status, poverty status, education (years), baseline current smoking status, current illicit drug use and baseline BMI centred at 30 kg/m2, the ten principal components for population structure, and all the remaining dietary factors, that is, seven of the eight key dietary factors in addition to total grains, total fruit, total vegetables, other meats, discretionary solid fat and discretionary oils, and the inverse Mills ratio. Agebase was centred at 50 years, and all dietary factors were centred at their weighted means (see Table 1, total). GRSbase was centred at 11.5 and GRSrate was centred at 1.6.

‡

P<0.05.

§

P<0.10.

‖

Passed correction for multiple testing.