Table 1.
Average 4-year changes (Δ) in lifestyle and dietary factors according to simultaneous 4-year changes in total alcohol intake1, among HPFS men without obesity, 1986–2010. (n=14,971 men contributing 44,603 4-year periods)
| Change in Total Alcohol Intake | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increased intake |
No change | Decreased intake |
Total | |
| # 4-year periods | 4,977 | 34,860 | 4,766 | 44,603 |
|
| ||||
| Alcohol (Δservings/day) | ||||
| Total Alcohol | 1.16 | 0.00 | −1.23 | 0.00 |
| Beer | 0.32 | −0.01 | −0.43 | −0.01 |
| Wine | 0.45 | 0.01 | −0.37 | 0.02 |
| Liquor | 0.35 | 0.00 | −0.38 | 0.00 |
| Smoking Status (%)3 | ||||
| Never | 47 | 60 | 42 | 57 |
| Past | 45 | 33 | 48 | 36 |
| Current | 8 | 7 | 10 | 7 |
| BMI (Δkg/m2) | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.31 |
| Weight (Δpounds) | 2.37 | 2.05 | 1.55 | 2.03 |
| Physical Activity (ΔMET-hr/wk)2 | ||||
| Total | 5.92 | 5.28 | 6.42 | 5.47 |
| Vigorous | 2.01 | 0.42 | 2.26 | 0.79 |
| TV watching (Δhours/week) | 0.25 | −0.13 | −0.52 | −0.13 |
| Dietary Covariates (ΔServings/Day) | ||||
| Total fruit without juice | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
| Total vegetables | 0.37 | 0.18 | 0.17 | 0.20 |
| Whole-fat dairy | −0.04 | −0.07 | −0.11 | −0.07 |
| Low-fat dairy | −0.10 | −0.06 | 0.00 | −0.06 |
| Seafood | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.02 | −0.01 |
| Whole grains | −0.03 | −0.03 | −0.01 | −0.03 |
| Refined grains | 0.06 | −0.03 | −0.06 | −0.02 |
| Nuts | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Coffee | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.14 | −0.05 |
| Sugary soft drinks | 0.00 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.02 |
| Low-calorie soft drinks | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| Juice | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.01 |
| Sweets | 0.03 | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.01 |
| Processed meats | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.01 |
| Non-processed meats | 0.01 | −0.02 | −0.04 | −0.02 |
| Fried food away from home | −0.02 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.02 |
| Trans fat (Δg/day)) | −0.14 | −0.03 | 0.08 | −0.03 |
| Calories (Δkcal/day) | 213.86 | −5.79 | −187.81 | −0.73 |
A "decrease" is defined as a decrease in ≥0.5 drinks per day; an "increase" is defined as an increase in ≥0.5 drinks per day.
The apparent increase in physical activity over time is an artifact of physical activity assessment becoming more comprehensive over time. 1986 values include walking, stairs, jogging, running, biking, swimming, tennis, racquet sports, and rowing. Outdoor work was added in 1988. Weightlifting was added in 1990. Aerobic exercise was added in 2010.
Smoking status based on report from the beginning of the four-year period.