Table 1.
Effects of anesthetics, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics commonly used in rodent EEG electrode placement upon EEG.
| Type | Drug | Species / strain / age | Dose / route / timing of administration | Effects on EEG | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General anesthetic | Urethane (for terminal procedures) | Rat Wistar (263 to 463g) | 1.25–1.35 g/kg (i.p.) | Delta waves | Detari et al., 19971 |
| Isoflurane | Rat, Sprague-Dawley | 1.8% (i.e., equivalent to maintenance anesthesia). Duration of exposure plays a critical role in eliciting adverse effects, including seizures | Burst suppression pattern | Hudetz, 20022 | |
| Isoflurane | Rat, Sprague-Dawley, adult | >1.5 MAC | Burst suppression pattern | Sleigh et al., 20093 | |
| Enflurane | Rat, Sprague-Dawley, adult | <0.7 MAC >0.7 MAC >1.5 MAC |
Slowing, increased amplitude Suppression with PEDS Silence with PEDs |
Sleigh et al., 20093 | |
| Halothane | Rat, Sprague-Dawley | 0.3% 1.8% |
Desynchronization Large amplitude, slow delta waves | Hudetz, 20022 | |
| Ketamine | Rat, Sprague-Dawley (3- to 5-month-old) | 150 mg/kg (i.p.) | Decrease in high gamma | Pal et al., 20154 | |
| At low doses can act as proconvulsant. Proconvulsant effects in humans reported. |
Modica et al., 1990a; Modica et al., 1990b; Myslobodsky et al., 19815,6,7 | ||||
| N2O | Withdrawal seizures in mice | Vaughn and Pruhs, 19958 | |||
| Local anesthetic agents (Nerve block agents) | Lidocaine/Procaine | Male Wistar rats | 80–140 / 130–190 mg/kg (i.p.) | Induced seizures, brain contact with local anesthetics seeping through burr holes can induce focal seizures | Sawaki et al., 20009 |
| Bupivacaine | Wistar rats | 2 mg/kg/min IV infusion | Seizures/isoelectric EEG | Zavisca et al., 199110 | |
| Antibiotic | Penicillin/beta-lactam antibiotics | Review (rodents, rabbits) | Neurotoxic and seizure inducing; high levels (toxic) of benzylpenicillin were required to induce neurotoxicity and seizures | Chow et al., 200511 | |
| Ceftriaxone | WKY rats, male | 200 mg/kg/day i.p., 8 days | Delayed and transient reduction in theta power, altered motor activity | Bellesi et al, 201212 | |
| Analgesics-Opioids | Meperidine | Mice | 15, 30, 60, or 120 mg/kg given orally or subcutaneously | Significant dose-dependent increase of convulsive threshold of maximal electroshock seizure. | Yillar et al., 200913 |
| Anti-inflammatory drugs | Non-steroidal analgesics (NSAIDs) | Rats and mice | Modulate epileptogenesis | Vezzani, 201514 |
MAC: minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration; PED: paroxysmal epileptiform discharges.