Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study subjects according to parental or sibling mitral regurgitation in the Framingham Heart Study.
| Gen 3 participants with parental MR (n=1781) | Gen 3 participants with no parental MR (n=901) | P value | Gen 2/Gen3 participants with sibling MR (n=1797) | Gen 2/Gen 3 participants with no sibling MR (n=3335) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 41 (9) | 37 (8) | < 0.001 | 52 (13) | 45 (12) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 826 (46) | 428 (48) | 0.58 | 870 (48) | 1550 (46) | 0.19 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 43 (2) | 21 (2) | 0.89 | 118 (7) | 151 (5) | 0.003 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 116 (14) | 114 (13) | < 0.001 | 123 (17) | 119 (16) | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 75 (10) | 74 (9) | 0.002 | 75 (10) | 75 (10) | 0.99 |
| Hypertension Treatment, n (%) | 152 (9) | 44 (5) | < 0.001 | 409 (23) | 440 (13) | < 0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 26.4 (5.0) | 26.3 (5.1) | 0.83 | 27.3 (5.1) | 27 (5.3) | 0.08 |
| Fat intake, mean (SD), gm | 76 (36) | 79 (38) | 0.14 | 78 (36) | 77 (37) | 0.51 |
| Protein intake, mean (SD), gm | 97 (47) | 100 (46) | 0.14 | 98 (43) | 98 (47) | 0.95 |
| Calories, mean (SD), kcal | 2134 (893) | 2190 (903) | 0.15 | 2142 (867) | 2131 (890) | 0.75 |
| Physical activity index, mean (SD) | 38 (8) | 38 (8) | 0.84 | 37 (8) | 38 (7.9) | 0.59 |
| Total cholesterol/HDL | 3.75 (1.32) | 3.75 (1.6) | 0.93 | 3.79 (1.35) | 3.76 (1.44) | 0.66 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 1 (0.06) | 2 (0.2) | 0.26 | 13 (0.7) | 19 (0.6) | 0.52 |
| History of myocardial infarction, n (%) | 10 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0.02 | 46 (2.6) | 51 (1.5) | 0.02 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%) | 66 (4) | 26 (4) | 0.36 | 91 (6) | 147 (5) | 0.37 |
| Echocardiographic characteristics | ||||||
| MR (total), n (%) | 262 (15) | 90 (10) | < 0.001 | 500 (28) | 562 (17) | < 0.001 |
| Primary versus secondary versus idiopathic MR, n (%) | 27/2/150 (2/0.1/8) | 5/2/59 (0.6/0.2/7) | 0.03/0.61/0.09 | 38/68/192 (2/4/11) | 47/61/230 (1/2/7) | 0.075/<0.001/<0.001 |
| LVIDd, mean (SD), mm | 4.9 (0.40) | 4.9 (0.4) | 0.53 | 4.9 (0.5) | 4.9 (0.4) | 0.49 |
| LVIDs, mean (SD), mm | 3.2 (0.3) | 3.2 (0.3) | 0.24 | 3.1 (0.4) | 3.1 (0.4) | 0.27 |
| LADs, mean (SD), mm | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.5) | 0.002 | 3.9 (0.6) | 3.8 (0.5) | < 0.001 |
| Mild/moderate/mod-severe/severe MR, n (%) | 247/15/0/0 (14/0.8/0/0) | 84/5/1/0 (9/0.6/0.1/0) | <0.001/0.41/0.36 /NA | 461/37/2/0 (26/2/0.1/0) | 537/21/4/0 (16/0.6/0.1/0) | < 0.001/< 0.001/0.93/NA |
MR = mitral regurgitation; SD = standard deviation; SBP/DBP = systolic diastolic blood pressure; BMI = body mass index; HDL = high density lipoprotein; LVIDd/LVIDs: left ventricular internal diameters in diastole/systole; LADs = left atrial dimension in systole.