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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2017 Oct;10(5):e001770. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.117.001770

Figure 1. Cardiac function is sexually dimorphic from the level of the whole heart down to the myofibril.

Figure 1

(A) In vivo whole heart function as measured by echocardiography in male and female rats. *p<0.05 relative to male, N=5 female and 6 males. (B) Contractile function of electrically paced ventricular myocytes from rats of both sex. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 relative to male, N=97 female cells and 110 male cells pooled from 6 animals of each sex. (C) Kinetic properties of left ventricular myofibrils isolated from male and female rats. Linear relaxation duration: *p<0.05 relative to female, N=21 female and 25 male myofibrils from 3 separate animals. Linear KREL: N= 15 female and 14 myofibrils from 3 separate animals. All data reported as mean ± SEM.