Table 1.
Childhood Risk Factors (Ages 9–16) and Early-Adulthood Problematic Cannabis Use Patterns (n=1,229)
| Non- Problematic n=884 |
Limited Problematic n=200 |
Persistent Problematic n=84 |
Delayed Problematic n=61 |
Significance of Pairwise Comparisonsa |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psychiatric risk factors | NP, % (N) | LP, % (N) | PP, % (N) | DP,% (N) | LP NP |
PP NP |
DP NP |
PP LP |
LP DP |
PP DP |
| Anxiety disorders | 9.6 (117) | 10.1 (28) | 26.5 (19) | 7.5 (9) | NS | ** | NS | * | NS | * |
| Depressive disorders | 6.9 (70) | 10.2 (28) | 20.9 (18) | 11.5 (12) | NS | ** | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| ODD | 8.2 (119) | 13.2 (51) | 21.3 (25) | 24.7 (18) | NS | * | ** | NS | NS | NS |
| Conduct Disorder | 4.7 (74) | 20.3 (55) | 20.1 (25) | 24.5 (10) | *** | ** | ** | NS | NS | NS |
| ADHD | 2.9 (43) | 5.6 (13) | 3.3 (6) | 6.9 (7) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Suicidality | 14.1 (125) | 19.5 (39) | 16.7 (14) | 26.2 (16) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Comorbidity: 2 or more | 7.8 (107) | 16.3 (15) | 22.4 (55) | 22.4 (27) | * | ** | * | NS | NS | NS |
| Other substance use risk factors | ||||||||||
| Early tobacco use | 14.1 (176) | 42.8 (104) | 47.0 (42) | 30.5 (19) | ** | *** | * | NS | NS | NS |
| Early alcohol use | 21.0 (180) | 55.9 (111) | 51.6 (47) | 16.5 (11) | *** | *** | NS | NS | ** | * |
| Early illicit drug use | 1.2 (9) | 7.0 (26) | 9.8 (11) | -- | ** | *** | NS | NS | NS | * |
| Economic and social risk factors | ||||||||||
| Family low-SES | 31.4 (388) | 39.6 (97) | 36.0 (37) | 36.7 (29) | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Family instability | 23.2 (266) | 43.7 (93) | 18.9 (35) | 41.3 (25) | ** | NS | NS | ** | NS | NS |
| Family dysfunction | 24.5 (294) | 47.0 (84) | 23.1 (31) | 36.3 (20) | *** | NS | NS | * | NS | NS |
| Caregiver maltreatment | 27.1 (320) | 39.0 (107) | 44.4 (42) | 53.8 (29) | NS | NS | * | NS | NS | NS |
| School expulsion | 2.0 (33) | 6.4 (31) | 11.8 (17) | -- | ** | ** | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Bully victimization | 22.9 (256) | 32.1 (58) | 34.9 (28) | 51.6 (24) | NS | NS | * | NS | NS | NS |
| Delinquent/older friends | 22.1 (265) | 46.2 (99) | 46.1 (47) | 31.4 (20) | *** | ** | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Note: Frequencies removed for cell sizes with observations of 5 or less. Data could be made available by contacting primary author.
ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; NS = not significant; ODD = oppositional defiant disorder; SES = socioeconomic status.
a
Adjusted models with sampling weights controlled for sex and race.
*
p<.05;
**
p<.01;
***
p<.001