Table 5.

Risk of metastasis – comparison of exposed and unexposed individuals and exposed and unexposed periods

	Exposed group, N=8999	Unexposed group, N=24118	Crude sHR	p-value	Adjusted sHR	p-value
Overall population, n (%)	59 (0.6)	171 (0.7)	0.88 (0.65–1.18)	0.38	0.91 (0.67–1.22)a	0.53
In those with incident cancer diagnosed after “start date”, n (%)*	40 (9.0)	112 (10.2)	0.87 (0.61–1.24)	0.44	0.87 (0.61–1.26)b	0.47
In those with cancer diagnosed within 3 years before “start date”, n (%)*	4 (2.7)	31 (9.8)	0.28 (0.10–0.79)	0.02	0.27 (0.10–0.80)c	0.02
	Exposed time Time (year) Incidence rate (per 100 person-years)	Unexposed time Time (year) Incidence rate (per 100 person-years)	Crude sHR	p-value	Adjusted sHR	p-value
Overall population	36,801	129,410	0.62 (0.43–0.91)	0.01	0.64 (0.44–0.95)a	0.02
	0.09	0.15
In those with newly developed cancer after “start date”*	666	2,779	0.63 (0.39–1.02)	0.06	0.61 (0.38–1.00)b	0.05
	2.85	4.79
In those with cancer diagnosed within 3 years before “start date”*	530	2,132	0.27 (0.08–0.86)	0.02	0.26 (0.08–0.83)c	0.02
	0.57	1.50

Notes:

^*Excluding hematological malignancies and basal cell carcinomas.

^aAdjusted on age, sex, underlying condition, smoking status, past history of cancer, deprivation index, and number of glucocorticoids, metformin, and vitamin D prescriptions.

^bAdjusted on age, sex, underlying condition, smoking status, deprivation index, and number of NSAIDs and metformin prescriptions.

^cAdjusted on age and sex.

Abbreviations: NSAIDs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; sHR, sub-distribution hazard ratios.