Fig 1. Transfer entropy T_Y→V for the feedback model governed by Eq (6) as a function of the noise intensity σ² for k = 1 (blue circles), k = 3 (green circles) and k = 5 (red circles).

The parameter l present in the definition of Eq (1) is fixed to 1. The lower red (resp. upper blue) solid line represents the value of T_Y→V (resp. ${\overline{T}}_{Y\to V}$) obtained by multiplying the theoretical rate ${\mathcal{T}}_{Y\to V}$ (resp. ${\overline{\mathcal{T}}}_{Y\to V}$) given by Eq (21) (resp. Eq (23) by the sampling time τ = 10⁻³. The parameters of the model are T = 5, γ = m = 1, τ_r = 0.1, and a = 8.