Table 2.
Effect of vulnerability and proposed protective effects on drug use, smoking, and drinking alcohol in male youth from Manicaland.
| Males |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking cigarettes |
Taking drugs for pleasure |
Drinking alcohol |
Any substance use |
||||||
| N | % | AOR (95% CI)b | % | AOR (95% CI)b | % | AOR (95% CI)b | % | AOR (95% CI)b | |
| Orphanhood | |||||||||
| Non-orphan | 789 | 0.9% | 1 | 2.8% | 1 | 6.6% | 1 | 6.6% | 1 |
| Maternal orphan | 364 | 1.4% | 1.7 (0.56–4.9) | 4.9% | 1.9 (1.01–3.4)* | 7.8% | 1.2 (0.77–2.0) | 8.5% | 1.3 (0.84–2.1) |
| Paternal orphan | 699 | 0.9% | 0.77 (0.27–2.2) | 3.6% | 1.2 (0.64–2.1) | 5.9% | 0.77 (0.50–1.2) | 6.6% | 0.86 (0.57–1.3) |
| Double orphan | 280 | 1.1% | 1.1 (0.30–3.9) | 5.4% | 2.0 (1.04–3.8)* | 7.6% | 1.1 (0.67–1.9) | 8.6% | 1.2 (0.76–2.0) |
| School enrolment – all childrena | |||||||||
| Not enroled | 320 | 1.9% | 1 | 5.3% | 1 | 9.7% | 1 | 10.6% | 1 |
| Enroled | 1055 | 0.3% | 0.25 (0.06–1.1) | 0.9% | 0.26 (0.11–0.63)** | 2.6% | 0.32 (0.18–0.57)*** | 2.7% | 0.30 (0.17–0.53)*** |
| School enrolment – maternal orphansa | |||||||||
| Not enroled | 89 | 2.2% | 1 | 10.1% | 1 | 11.5% | 1 | 13.5% | 1 |
| Enroled | 226 | 0% | N/A | 0.9% | 0.13 (0.02–0.72)* | 3.1% | 0.30 (0.09–0.97)* | 3.1% | 0.30 (0.10–0.91)* |
| School enrolment – paternal orphansa | |||||||||
| Not enroled | 161 | 2.5% | 1 | 8.1% | 1 | 9.4% | 1 | 11.2% | 1 |
| Enroled | 431 | 0% | N/A | 0.7% | 0.15 (0.04–0.60)** | 2.3% | 0.36 (0.15–0.90)* | 2.3% | 0.32 (0.13–0.78)* |
| School enrolment – double orphansa | |||||||||
| Not enroled | 71 | 1.4% | 1 | 11.3% | 1 | 11.4% | 1 | 14.1% | 1 |
| Enroled | 169 | 0% | N/A | 1.2% | 0.17 (0.03–0.95)* | 3.6% | 0.33 (0.09–1.2) | 3.6% | 0.32 (0.09–1.1) |
aAges 15–18; N/A: No observations in comparison group;
bAdjusted for age, site type, SES, and religion.
*, **, *** Significant at p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.001